Search results: 50.
Presidential Address: Pension Policy and the Financial System
Published: 8/2018, Volume: 73, Issue: 4 | DOI: 10.1111/jofi.12710 | Cited by: 64
DAVID S. SCHARFSTEIN
In this paper, I examine the effect of pension policy on the structure of financial systems around the world. In particular, I explore the hypothesis that policies that promote pension savings also promote the development of capital markets. I present a model that endogenizes the extent to which savings are intermediated through banks or capital markets, and derive implications for corporate finance, household finance, banking, and the size of the financial sector. I then present a number of facts that are broadly consistent with the theory and examine a variety of alternative explanations of my findings.
The Stock Market and Bank Risk‐Taking
Published: 10/6/2025, Volume: 80, Issue: 6 | DOI: 10.1111/jofi.13502 | Cited by: 5
ANTONIO FALATO, DAVID SCHARFSTEIN
Using confidential supervisory risk ratings, we document that banks increase risk after going public compared to a control group of banks that filed to go public but withdrew their filings for plausibly exogenous reasons. The increase in risk improves short‐term performance at the expense of long‐term performance. We argue that the increase in risk stems from pressure to maximize short‐term stock prices and earnings once the bank is publicly traded. After going public, banks owned by investors that place greater value on short‐term performance increase risk more, and those managed by CEOs with more short‐term compensation also increase risk more.
A Theory of Workouts and the Effects of Reorganization Law*
Published: 9/1991, Volume: 46, Issue: 4 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1991.tb04615.x | Cited by: 203
ROBERT GERTNER, DAVID SCHARFSTEIN
We present a model of a financially distressed firm with outstanding bank debt and public debt. Coordination problems among public debtholders introduce investment inefficiencies in the workout process. In most cases, these inefficiencies are not mitigated by the ability of firms to buy back their public debt with cash and other securities‐the only feasible way that firms can restructure their public debt. We show that Chapter 11 reorganization law increases investment, and we characterize the types of corporate financial structures for which this increased investment enhances efficiency.
Learning about Internal Capital Markets from Corporate Spin‐offs
Published: 12/2002, Volume: 57, Issue: 6 | DOI: 10.1111/1540-6261.00503 | Cited by: 188
Robert Gertner, Eric Powers, David Scharfstein
We examine the investment behavior of firms before and after being spun off from their parent companies. Their investment after the spin‐off is significantly more sensitive to measures of investment opportunities (e.g., industry Tobin's Q or industry investment) than it is before the spin‐off. Spin‐offs tend to cut investment in low Q industries and increase investment in high Q industries. These changes are observed primarily in spin‐offs of firms in industries unrelated to the parents' industries and in spin‐offs where the stock market reacts favorably to the spin‐off announcement. Our findings suggest that spin‐offs may improve the allocation of capital.
The Dark Side of Internal Capital Markets: Divisional Rent‐Seeking and Inefficient Investment
Published: 12/2000, Volume: 55, Issue: 6 | DOI: 10.1111/0022-1082.00299 | Cited by: 1195
David S. Scharfstein, Jeremy C. Stein
We develop a two‐tiered agency model that shows how rent‐seeking behavior on the part of division managers can subvert the workings of an internal capital market. By rent‐seeking, division managers can raise their bargaining power and extract greater overall compensation from the CEO. And because the CEO is herself an agent of outside investors, this extra compensation may take the form not of cash wages, but rather of preferential capital budgeting allocations. One interesting feature of our model is that it implies a kind of “socialism” in internal capital allocation, whereby weaker divisions get subsidized by stronger ones.
Entrepreneurial Spawning: Public Corporations and the Genesis of New Ventures, 1986 to 1999
Published: 3/2/2005, Volume: 60, Issue: 2 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2005.00740.x | Cited by: 479
PAUL GOMPERS, JOSH LERNER, DAVID SCHARFSTEIN
We examine two views of the creation of venture‐backed start‐ups, or “entrepreneurial spawning.” In one, young firms prepare employees for entrepreneurship, educating them about the process, and exposing them to relevant networks. In the other, individuals become entrepreneurs when large bureaucratic employers do not fund their ideas. Controlling for firm size, patents, and industry, the most prolific spawners are originally venture‐backed companies located in Silicon Valley and Massachusetts. Undiversified firms spawn more firms. Silicon Valley, Massachusetts, and originally venture‐backed firms typically spawn firms only peripherally related to their core businesses. Overall, entrepreneurial learning and networks appear important in creating venture‐backed firms.
Risk Management: Coordinating Corporate Investment and Financing Policies
Published: 12/1993, Volume: 48, Issue: 5 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1993.tb05123.x | Cited by: 2025
KENNETH A. FROOT, DAVID S. SCHARFSTEIN, JEREMY C. STEIN
This paper develops a general framework for analyzing corporate risk management policies. We begin by observing that if external sources of finance are more costly to corporations than internally generated funds, there will typically be a benefit to hedging: hedging adds value to the extent that it helps ensure that a corporation has sufficient internal funds available to take advantage of attractive investment opportunities. We then argue that this simple observation has wide ranging implications for the design of risk management strategies. We delineate how these strategies should depend on such factors as shocks to investment and financing opportunities. We also discuss exchange rate hedging strategies for multinationals, as well as strategies involving “nonlinear” instruments like options.
LDC Debt: Forgiveness, Indexation, and Investment Incentives
Published: 12/1989, Volume: 44, Issue: 5 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1989.tb02656.x | Cited by: 33
KENNETH A. FROOT, DAVID S. SCHARFSTEIN, JEREMY C. STEIN
We compare different indexation schemes in terms of their ability to facilitate forgiveness and reduce the investment disincentives associated with the large LDC debt overhang. Indexing to an endogenous variable (e.g., a country's output) has a negative moral hazard effect on investment. This problem does not arise when payments are linked to an exogenous variable such as commodity prices. Nonetheless, indexing payments to output may be useful when debtors know more about their willingness to invest than lenders. We also reach new conclusions about the desirability of default penalties under asymmetric information.
Herd on the Street: Informational Inefficiencies in a Market with Short‐Term Speculation
Published: 9/1992, Volume: 47, Issue: 4 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1992.tb04665.x | Cited by: 555
KENNETH A. FROOT, DAVID S. SCHARFSTEIN, JEREMY C. STEIN
Standard models of informed speculation suggest that traders try to learn information that others do not have. This result implicitly relies on the assumption that speculators have long horizons, i.e., can hold the asset forever. By contrast, we show that if speculators have short horizons, they may herd on the same information, trying to learn what other informed traders also know. There can be multiple herding equilibria, and herding speculators may even choose to study information that is completely unrelated to fundamentals.
DISCUSSION
Published: 7/1986, Volume: 41, Issue: 3 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1986.tb04539.x | Cited by: 0
DAVID FELDMAN
Presidential Address: Social Transmission Bias in Economics and Finance
Published: 5/27/2020, Volume: 75, Issue: 4 | DOI: 10.1111/jofi.12906 | Cited by: 272
DAVID HIRSHLEIFER
I discuss a new intellectual paradigm, social economics and finance—the study of the social processes that shape economic thinking and behavior. This emerging field recognizes that people observe and talk to each other. A key, underexploited building block of social economics and finance is social transmission bias: systematic directional shift in signals or ideas induced by social transactions. I use five “fables” (models) to illustrate the novelty and scope of the transmission bias approach, and offer several emergent themes. For example, social transmission bias compounds recursively, which can help explain booms, bubbles, return anomalies, and swings in economic sentiment.
Heterogeneous Beliefs, Speculation, and the Equity Premium
Published: 1/10/2008, Volume: 63, Issue: 1 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2008.01310.x | Cited by: 211
ALEXANDER DAVID
Agents with heterogeneous beliefs about fundamental growth do not share risks perfectly but instead speculate with each other on the relative accuracy of their models' predictions. They face the risk that market prices move more in line with the trading models of competing agents than with their own. Less risk‐averse agents speculate more aggressively and demand higher risk premiums. My calibrated model generates countercyclical consumption volatility, earnings forecast dispersion, and cross‐sectional consumption dispersion. With a risk aversion coefficient less than one, agents' speculation causes half the observed equity premium and lowers the riskless rate by about 1%.
A Theoretical Model for Valuing Preferred Stock
Published: 9/1983, Volume: 38, Issue: 4 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1983.tb02288.x | Cited by: 19
DAVID EMANUEL
This paper develops a model of preferred stock value which includes the possibility of dividends on the preferred stock being omitted. The analytical framework used is based on the option‐hedging methodology of Black and Scholes. Precise valuation formulae are obtained for cumulative and noncumulative preferred stock in a variety of contexts. The values obtained are quite different from those for either riskless or risky perpetual bonds, which have previously been proposed as being similar to preferred stock.
Individual Investors and Volatility
Published: 7/19/2011, Volume: 66, Issue: 4 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2011.01668.x | Cited by: 318
THIERRY FOUCAULT, DAVID SRAER, DAVID J. THESMAR
We show that retail trading activity has a positive effect on the volatility of stock returns, which suggests that retail investors behave as noise traders. To identify this effect, we use a reform of the French stock market that raises the relative cost of speculative trading for retail investors. The daily return volatility of the stocks affected by the reform falls by 20 basis points (a quarter of the sample standard deviation of the return volatility) relative to other stocks. For affected stocks, we also find a significant decrease in the magnitude of return reversals and the price impact of trades.
The Term Structure of Interest Rates in a Partially Observable Economy
Published: 7/1989, Volume: 44, Issue: 3 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1989.tb04391.x | Cited by: 29
DAVID FELDMAN
This paper investigates the term structure of interest rates in a multiperiod production and exchange economy with incomplete information. Unable to observe their stochastic investment opportunities, investors engage in dynamic Bayesian inference. This results in the endogenous identification of a more complex production function which generates a richer term structure, resembling the one that actual market prices imply. In addition, this paper introduces a characteristic function of the term structure and demonstrates that, in contrast with a fully observable economy, the widely investigated expectations hypothesis holds true only if interest rates are nonstochastic.
Transactions Costs and the Theory of Portfolio Selection
Published: 9/1976, Volume: 31, Issue: 4 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1976.tb01964.x | Cited by: 26
David Goldsmith
DISCUSSION
Published: 7/1984, Volume: 39, Issue: 3 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1984.tb03648.x | Cited by: 0
DAVID EMANUEL
A QUARTERLY SERIES OF CORPORATE BASIC YIELDS, 1952–57, AND SOME ATTENDANT RESERVATIONS*
Published: 9/1958, Volume: 13, Issue: 3 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1958.tb04200.x | Cited by: 3
David Durand
Remuneration, Retention, and Reputation Incentives for Outside Directors
Published: 10/2004, Volume: 59, Issue: 5 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2004.00699.x | Cited by: 624
DAVID YERMACK
I study incentives received by outside directors in Fortune 500 firms from compensation, replacement, and the opportunity to obtain other directorships. Previous research has only shown these relations to apply under limited circumstances such as financial distress. Together these incentive mechanisms provide directors with wealth increases of approximately 11 cents per $1,000 rise in firm value. Although smaller than the performance sensitivities of CEOs, outside directors' incentives imply a change in wealth of about $285,000 for a 1 standard deviation (SD) change in typical firm performance. Cross‐sectional patterns of director equity awards conform to agency and financial theories.
MERGERS, DIVERSIFICATION AND THE THEORIES OF THE FIRM
Published: 3/1973, Volume: 28, Issue: 1 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1973.tb01368.x | Cited by: 0
David Gilbert
STATE OF THE FINANCE FIELD: FURTHER COMMENT
Published: 12/1968, Volume: 23, Issue: 5 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1968.tb00322.x | Cited by: 10
David Durand
Testing the Efficiency of the Canadian‐U.S. Exchange Market under the Assumption of no Risk Premium
Published: 3/1981, Volume: 36, Issue: 1 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1981.tb03533.x | Cited by: 45
DAVID LONGWORTH
The efficiency of the Canadian‐U.S. exchange market for the current float is examined more extensively than previously. Semi‐strong‐form tests which admit the lagged spot rate as a predictor are considered in addition to the standard weak‐form test. These stronger tests reject the joint null hypothesis of an efficient exchange market and no risk premium for the period ending in October 1976, although not for the entire period. For almost every year the current spot rate provided a better forecast of the future spot rate than did the current forward rate.
Political Connections and Allocative Distortions
Published: 1/7/2019, Volume: 74, Issue: 2 | DOI: 10.1111/jofi.12751 | Cited by: 296
DAVID SCHOENHERR
Exploiting a unique institutional setting in Korea, this paper documents that politicians can increase the amount of government resources allocated through their social networks to the benefit of private firms connected to these networks. After winning the election, the new president appoints members of his networks as CEOs of state‐owned firms that act as intermediaries in allocating government contracts to private firms. In turn, these state firms allocate significantly more procurement contracts to private firms with a CEO from the same network. Contracts allocated to connected private firms are executed systematically worse and exhibit more frequent cost increases through renegotiations.
GROWTH STOCKS AND THE PETERSBURG PARADOX*
Published: 9/1957, Volume: 12, Issue: 3 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1957.tb04143.x | Cited by: 13
David Durand
Good Timing: CEO Stock Option Awards and Company News Announcements
Published: 6/1997, Volume: 52, Issue: 2 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb04809.x | Cited by: 622
DAVID YERMACK
This article analyzes the timing of CEO stock option awards, as a method of investigating corporate managers' influence over the terms of their own compensation. In a sample of 620 stock option awards to CEOs of Fortune 500 companies between 1992 and 1994, I find that the timing of awards coincides with favorable movements in company stock prices. Patterns of companies' quarterly earnings announcements are consistent with an interpretation that CEOs receive stock option awards shortly before favorable corporate news. I evaluate and reject several alternative explanations of the results, including insider trading and the manipulation of news announcement dates.
Can Unemployment Insurance Spur Entrepreneurial Activity? Evidence from France
Published: 2/5/2020, Volume: 75, Issue: 3 | DOI: 10.1111/jofi.12880 | Cited by: 127
JOHAN HOMBERT, ANTOINETTE SCHOAR, DAVID SRAER, DAVID THESMAR
We evaluate the effect of downside insurance on self‐employment. We exploit a large‐scale reform of French unemployment benefits that insured unemployed workers starting businesses. The reform significantly increased firm creation without decreasing the quality of new entrants. Firms started postreform were initially smaller, but their employment growth, productivity, and survival rates are similar to those prereform. New entrepreneurs' characteristics and expectations are also similar. Finally, jobs created by new entrants crowd out employment in incumbent firms almost one‐for‐one, but have a higher productivity than incumbents. These results highlight the benefits of encouraging experimentation by lowering barriers to entry.
Housing Collateral and Entrepreneurship
Published: 1/12/2017, Volume: 72, Issue: 1 | DOI: 10.1111/jofi.12468 | Cited by: 345
MARTIN C. SCHMALZ, DAVID A. SRAER, DAVID THESMAR
We show that collateral constraints restrict firm entry and postentry growth, using French administrative data and cross‐sectional variation in local house‐price appreciation as shocks to collateral values. We control for local demand shocks by comparing treated homeowners to controls in the same region that do not experience collateral shocks: renters and homeowners with an outstanding mortgage, who (in France) cannot take out a second mortgage. In both comparisons, an increase in collateral value leads to a higher probability of becoming an entrepreneur. Conditional on entry, treated entrepreneurs use more debt, start larger firms, and remain larger in the long run.
Minutes of the Annual Membership Meeting
Published: 8/2002, Volume: 57, Issue: 4 | DOI: 10.1111/0022-1082.00061-i1 | Cited by: 0
David H. Pyle
Tender Offers and Management Resistance
Published: 5/1983, Volume: 38, Issue: 2 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1983.tb02237.x | Cited by: 56
DAVID P. BARON
Report of the Executive Secretary and Treasurer for the Year Ending September 30, 1999
Published: 8/2000, Volume: 55, Issue: 4 | DOI: 10.1111/0022-1082.00272 | Cited by: 0
David H. Pyle
A BEHAVIORAL MODEL FOR COMMERCIAL BANKING*
Published: 9/1971, Volume: 26, Issue: 4 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1971.tb00941.x | Cited by: 0
David Neil Hyman
LEGAL ASPECTS OF REVENUE BOND FINANCING*
Published: 5/1955, Volume: 10, Issue: 2 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1955.tb01266.x | Cited by: 0
David M. Wood
Capital Structure as a Strategic Variable: Evidence from Collective Bargaining
Published: 5/7/2010, Volume: 65, Issue: 3 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2010.01565.x | Cited by: 517
DAVID A. MATSA
I analyze the strategic use of debt financing to improve a firm's bargaining position with an important supplier—organized labor. Because maintaining high levels of corporate liquidity can encourage workers to raise their wage demands, a firm with external finance constraints has an incentive to use the cash flow demands of debt service to improve its bargaining position with workers. Using both firm‐level collective bargaining coverage and state changes in labor laws to identify changes in union bargaining power, I show that strategic incentives from union bargaining appear to have a substantial impact on corporate financing decisions.
ON THE UTILITY THEORETIC FOUNDATIONS OF MEAN‐VARIANCE ANALYSIS
Published: 12/1977, Volume: 32, Issue: 5 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1977.tb03363.x | Cited by: 47
David P. Baron
Report of the Executive Secretary and Treasurer
Published: 8/2002, Volume: 57, Issue: 4 | DOI: 10.1111/0022-1082.00380-i1 | Cited by: 0
David H. Pyle
DISCUSSION
Published: 7/1984, Volume: 39, Issue: 3 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1984.tb03668.x | Cited by: 1
DAVID S. KIDWELL
The Manipulation of Executive Stock Option Exercise Strategies: Information Timing and Backdating
Published: 11/25/2009, Volume: 64, Issue: 6 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2009.01513.x | Cited by: 70
DAVID C. CICERO
I identify three option exercise strategies executives engage in, including (i) exercising with cash and immediately selling the shares, (ii) exercising with cash and holding the shares, and (iii) delivering some shares to the company to cover the exercise costs and holding the remaining shares. Stock price patterns suggest executives manipulate option exercises. They use private information to increase the profitability of all three strategies, and likely backdated some exercise dates in the pre‐Sarbanes‐Oxley period to enhance the profitability of the latter two strategies, where the executive's company is the only counterparty. Backdating is associated with reporting of internal control weaknesses.
Investment Decisions Depend on Portfolio Disclosures
Published: 6/1999, Volume: 54, Issue: 3 | DOI: 10.1111/0022-1082.00132 | Cited by: 146
David K. Musto
Abstract
A weekly database of retail money fund portfolio statistics is uneconomical for retail investors to observe, so it allows direct comparison of disclosed and undisclosed portfolios. This makes possible a more direct and unambiguous test for “window dressing” than elsewhere in the literature. The analysis shows that funds allocating between government and private issues hold more in government issues around disclosures than at other times, consistent with the theory that intermediaries prefer to disclose safer portfolios. Cross‐sectional comparisons locate the most intense rebalancing in the worst recent performers.
THE IMPACT OF CORPORATE GROWTH ON THE RISK OF COMMON STOCKS
Published: 5/1975, Volume: 30, Issue: 2 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1975.tb01827.x | Cited by: 18
David R. Fewings
INTERDEPENDENCE OF UTILITY RATE‐BASE TYPE, PERMITTED RATE OF RETURN, AND UTILITY EARNINGS*
Published: 3/1962, Volume: 17, Issue: 1 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1962.tb04247.x | Cited by: 2
David K. Eiteman
THE S.E.C. SPECIAL STUDY AND THE EXCHANGE MARKETS
Published: 5/1966, Volume: 21, Issue: 2 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1966.tb00230.x | Cited by: 2
David K. Eiteman
THE RESPONSE OF STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS TO FEDERAL GRANT‐IN‐AID PAYMENTS*
Published: 6/1968, Volume: 23, Issue: 3 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1968.tb00839.x | Cited by: 0
David L. Smith
Portfolio Disclosures and Year‐End Price Shifts
Published: 9/1997, Volume: 52, Issue: 4 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb01121.x | Cited by: 82
DAVID K. MUSTO
Commercial paper sells at an extra discount if it matures in the next calendar year but Treasury bills do not. The discount is apparent in downward price shifts before the year‐end, and upward price shifts at the turn of the year that are significantly correlated with the simultaneous returns to small stocks, and that cannot reflect tax‐loss selling. Cross‐sectional and time‐series tests on prices, as well as low of funds evidence on trades by institutional investors, indicate that both the debt and equity patterns reflect agency problems related to portfolio disclosures.
A SUGGESTION FOR THE CONTROL OF PEACETIME INFLATION*
Published: 12/1949, Volume: 4, Issue: 4 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1949.tb02359.x | Cited by: 0
David Gordon Tyndall
CORPORATE FINANCIAL POLICIES—DEBT VERSUS EQUITY*
Published: 6/1975, Volume: 30, Issue: 3 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1975.tb01873.x | Cited by: 0
David Patrick Rochester
SECURITY‐BASED CONGLOMERATE ACQUISITIONS: THE EFFECT ON RESIDUAL OWNERSHIP*
Published: 3/1971, Volume: 26, Issue: 1 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1971.tb00611.x | Cited by: 0
David Foster Rankin
REAL ESTATE CREDIT CONTROLS AS A SELECTIVE INSTRUMENT OF FEDERAL RESERVE POLICY*
Published: 12/1958, Volume: 13, Issue: 4 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1958.tb04227.x | Cited by: 0
David P. Eastburn
Chaos and Nonlinear Dynamics: Application to Financial Markets
Published: 12/1991, Volume: 46, Issue: 5 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1991.tb04646.x | Cited by: 760
DAVID A. HSIEH
After the stock market crash of October 19, 1987, interest in nonlinear dynamics, especially deterministic chaotic dynamics, has increased in both the financial press and the academic literature. This has come about because the frequency of large moves in stock markets is greater than would be expected under a normal distribution. There are a number of possible explanations. A popular one is that the stock market is governed by chaotic dynamics. What exactly is chaos and how is it related to nonlinear dynamics? How does one detect chaos? Is there chaos in financial markets? Are there other explanations of the movements of financial prices other than chaos? The purpose of this paper is to explore these issues.
REGIONAL INTEREST RATES: MUNICIPAL BONDS IN CALIFORNIA, 1900–1957*
Published: 9/1962, Volume: 17, Issue: 3 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1962.tb04307.x | Cited by: 0
David Alexander Baerncopf