The Journal of Finance publishes leading research across all the major fields of finance. It is one of the most widely cited journals in academic finance, and in all of economics. Each of the six issues per year reaches over 8,000 academics, finance professionals, libraries, and government and financial institutions around the world. The journal is the official publication of The American Finance Association, the premier academic organization devoted to the study and promotion of knowledge about financial economics.
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Intertemporal Commodity Futures Hedging and the Production Decision
Published: 6/1984, Volume: 39, Issue: 2 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1984.tb02314.x | Cited by: 43
THOMAS S. Y. HO
This paper deals with the producer's optimal use of commodity futures in hedging. The framework for analysis is an intertemporal consumption and investment model. The producer makes his production decisions at the beginning of the period and realizes his return at the end of the time interval. During the period, he faces both price and output uncertainties. In applying stochastic dynamic programming methods, this paper shows the effect of these risks on his consumption behavior. Further, the paper investigates his optimal hedging positions in the futures market over time and his optimal production decisions. Finally, implications of these results on the futures markets are discussed.
A Catastrophe Model of Bank Failure
Published: 12/1980, Volume: 35, Issue: 5 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1980.tb02203.x | Cited by: 21
THOMAS HO, ANTHONY SAUNDERS
Most models of bank failure have assumed that the path towards bankruptcy or insolvency is smooth and continuous. As a consequence a number of early‐warning systems have been suggested in the banking and financial literature to aid regulators in the identification of potential problem banks. However, these systems may be of little use when the path towards failure is explosive, involving a sudden crash or catastrophe. This paper seeks to examine such cases by applying the theory of catastrophes to bank failure. A model is developed to show how the interaction between bank management, regulators and depositors can induce catastrophic failure. It is argued that there is a crucial relationship between the power of regulatory intervention and depositors confidence levels which is both necessary and sufficient for catastrophe to occur. It is also argued that catastrophe appears to be more likely for large money market banks rather than small banks. Finally, some suggestions are made for regulatory policy and for further research in the area.
On Dealer Markets Under Competition
Published: 5/1980, Volume: 35, Issue: 2 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1980.tb02153.x | Cited by: 100
THOMAS HO, HANS R. STOLL
A Micro Model of the Federal Funds Market
Published: 7/1985, Volume: 40, Issue: 3 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1985.tb05026.x | Cited by: 95
THOMAS S. Y. HO, ANTHONY SAUNDERS
This paper demonstrates that valuable insights into the determination of Federal funds rates can be gained through modeling the micro‐decisions of market participants. Fed fund demand functions are derived for different bank valuation functions and several implications are discussed. Specifically, it is: (i) possible to rationalize the observation that large banks are net purchasers and small banks net sellers of Fed funds; (ii) to explain the positive spread of Fed funds rates over other short‐term money market rates; and (iii) to link the size of this spread to the Federal Reserve's underlying monetary policy strategy.
Order Arrival, Quote Behavior, and the Return‐Generating Process
Published: 9/1987, Volume: 42, Issue: 4 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1987.tb03926.x | Cited by: 80
JOEL HASBROUCK, THOMAS S. Y. HO
This paper establishes three empirical results. We find positive autocorrelation in actual intra‐day stock returns, in intra‐day returns computed from quote midpoints, and in the arrival of buy and sell orders. We present a model of return generation that incorporates these features via lagged adjustment of the limit‐order price and positive dependence in bid and ask transactions. The return model is observationally equivalent to an ARMA process, which is consistent with the observed return behavior.
The Dynamics of Dealer Markets Under Competition
Published: 9/1983, Volume: 38, Issue: 4 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1983.tb02282.x | Cited by: 567
THOMAS S. Y. HO, HANS R. STOLL
The behavior of competing dealers in securities markets is analyzed. Securities are characterized by stochastic returns and stochastic transactions. Reservation bid and ask prices of dealers are derived under alternative assumptions about the degree to which transactions are correlated across stocks at a given time and over time in a given stock. The conditions for interdealer trading are specified, and the equilibrium distribution of dealer inventories and the equilibrium market spread are derived. Implications for the structure of securities markets are examined.
Term Structure Movements and Pricing Interest Rate Contingent Claims
Published: 12/1986, Volume: 41, Issue: 5 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1986.tb02528.x | Cited by: 881
THOMAS S. Y. HO, SANG‐BIN LEE
This paper derives an arbitrage‐free interest rate movements model (AR model). This model takes the complete term structure as given and derives the subsequent stochastic movement of the term structure such that the movement is arbitrage free. We then show that the AR model can be used to price interest rate contingent claims relative to the observed complete term structure of interest rates. This paper also studies the behavior and the economics of the model. Our approach can be used to price a broad range of interest rate contingent claims, including bond options and callable bonds.
Dealer Bid‐Ask Quotes and Transaction Prices: An Empirical Study of Some AMEX Options
Published: 3/1984, Volume: 39, Issue: 1 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1984.tb03858.x | Cited by: 44
THOMAS S. Y. HO, RICHARD G. MACRIS
This paper, utilizing dealer's “trading book” information, presents some empirical evidence supporting the validity of a dealer pricing model. It shows that much of the transaction prices variation may be explained by the specialist's optimal determination of his bid and ask quotes. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the dealer's bid‐ask spread is an important explanatory variable in the observed transaction return. Finally, it indicates that the dealer's inventory level may affect his quotes and thus the transaction prices and order arrivals. The paper provides insights into the relationship between transaction prices and equilibrium prices, which will permit more extensive use of transaction data in empirical investigations. It also provides a better understanding of optimal dealer pricing strategies, suggesting that the proposed empirical model may be used to evaluate a dealer's trading performance.
The Trading Decision and Market Clearing under Transaction Price Uncertainty
Published: 3/1985, Volume: 40, Issue: 1 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1985.tb04935.x | Cited by: 51
THOMAS S. Y. HO, ROBERT A. SCHWARTZ, DAVID K. WHITCOMB
This paper models an individual's trading decision, given: (1) his/her demand function to hold shares of an asset, (2) his/her expectation on what the market clearing price will be, and (3) the design of the market which determines how orders will be translated into trades. The particular market design we consider is the batched trading (periodic call) regime. Assuming investors are distributed according to their propensities to hold shares, we model the aggregation of orders to obtain market clearing values of price and volume and to show the way in which, with trading friction, these solutions differ from Pareto efficient values. The importance of this analysis for various issues concerning market design is noted.
AN INVESTIGATION OF MONETARY POLICY ACTION*
Published: 12/1966, Volume: 21, Issue: 4 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1966.tb00284.x | Cited by: 0
Thomas Havrilesky
The Value of Bank Lending
Published: 5/28/2025, Volume: 80, Issue: 4 | DOI: 10.1111/jofi.13465 | Cited by: 2
THOMAS FLANAGAN
Using a novel data set of realized syndicated loan cash flows and a risk‐adjustment methodology adapted from the private equity literature, I provide a measure of risk‐adjusted returns for bank loan cash flows. Banks, on average, generate 180 basis points in gross risk‐adjusted returns and add $75 million of value annually to their loan portfolios. Banks earn higher returns when they lend to financially constrained borrowers, and the risk‐adjusted performance of bank loan portfolios exhibits persistence. However, banks require higher risk‐adjusted returns when facing their own financing frictions, and shareholders earn nearly zero net risk‐adjusted returns once bank staff are compensated for their lending effort. Overall, these findings suggest that banks provide valuable services to mitigate borrowers' financing frictions, and the present value of loan cash flows pays for the costs of providing these services.
INTEREST PAYMENTS ON REQUIRED RESERVE BALANCES*
Published: 3/1966, Volume: 21, Issue: 1 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1966.tb02960.x | Cited by: 0
Thomas Mayer
FINDING THE OPTIMAL MONETARY STRATEGY WITH INFORMATION CONSTRAINTS
Published: 12/1972, Volume: 27, Issue: 5 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1972.tb03022.x | Cited by: 2
Thomas Havrilesky
IS THE PORTFOLIO CONTROL OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS JUSTIFIED?*
Published: 5/1962, Volume: 17, Issue: 2 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1962.tb04283.x | Cited by: 0
Thomas Mayer
DISCUSSION
Published: 5/1979, Volume: 34, Issue: 2 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1979.tb02115.x | Cited by: 0
THOMAS MAYER
ADVANCE SALES OF GOVERNMENT SECURITY ISSUES
Published: 6/1969, Volume: 24, Issue: 3 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1969.tb00383.x | Cited by: 0
Thomas Mayer
POSITIVE POLICY DESIGN AND THE CHICAGO MONETARY REFORMS*
Published: 6/1969, Volume: 24, Issue: 3 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1969.tb00381.x | Cited by: 0
Thomas Velk
THE EFFECT OF PORTFOLIO SIZE ON PORTFOLIO PERFORMANCE: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS*
Published: 6/1975, Volume: 30, Issue: 3 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1975.tb01874.x | Cited by: 0
Thomas A. Ulrich
A PORTFOLIO THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL SHORT‐TERM CAPITAL MOVEMENTS*
Published: 12/1969, Volume: 24, Issue: 5 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1969.tb01716.x | Cited by: 0
Thomas D. Willett
INTERGOVERNMENT FISCAL RELATIONS IN TEXAS*
Published: 3/1956, Volume: 11, Issue: 1 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1956.tb00692.x | Cited by: 0
Thomas Ellwood McMillan
THE OUTLOOK FOR CORPORATE BONDS IN 1964
Published: 5/1964, Volume: 19, Issue: 2 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1964.tb00778.x | Cited by: 0
Thomas R. Atkinson
AN ANALYSIS OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE MINNESOTA PERSONAL PROPERTY TAX*
Published: 9/1962, Volume: 17, Issue: 3 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1962.tb04312.x | Cited by: 0
Thomas F. Hady
FREEDOM FOR BANKS
Published: 5/1975, Volume: 30, Issue: 2 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1975.tb01811.x | Cited by: 0
Thomas I. Storrs
THE CORPORATE DIVIDEND DECISION: A CROSS‐SECTION STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIVIDENDS AND INVESTMENT*
Published: 9/1969, Volume: 24, Issue: 4 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1969.tb00404.x | Cited by: 0
Thomas F. Pogue
Asset Sales, Investment Opportunities, and the Use of Proceeds
Published: 2/2005, Volume: 60, Issue: 1 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2005.00726.x | Cited by: 177
THOMAS W. BATES
This study examines the allocation of cash proceeds following 400 subsidiary sales between 1990 and 1998. Retention probabilities are increasing in the divesting firm's contemporaneous growth opportunities and expected investment. Retaining firms, however, also systematically overinvest relative to an industry benchmark. Shareholder returns to retention decisions are positively correlated with growth opportunities and benchmarked investment, but negatively correlated with benchmarked investment for firms with poor growth opportunities. Shareholder returns to debt distributions are increasing in industry‐benchmarked leverage. Overall, the results of this study cohere with the hypothesized trade‐off between the investment efficiencies associated with retained proceeds and the agency costs of managerial discretion and debt.
Corporate Debt and Corporate Taxes: An Extension
Published: 9/1980, Volume: 35, Issue: 4 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1980.tb03519.x | Cited by: 29
THOMAS E. CONINE
The Pricing of Initial Public Offerings: A Dynamic Model with Information Production
Published: 3/1993, Volume: 48, Issue: 1 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1993.tb04710.x | Cited by: 251
THOMAS J. CHEMMANUR
This paper presents an information‐theoretic model of IPO pricing in which insiders sell stock in both the IPO and the secondary market, have private information about their firm's prospects, and outsiders may engage in costly information production about the firm. High‐value firms, knowing they are going to pool with low‐value firms, induce outsiders to engage in information production by underpricing, which compensates outsiders for the cost of producing information. The information is reflected in the secondary market price of equity, giving a higher expected stock price for high‐value firms.
Reserve Requirements and the Structure of the CD Market: A Note*
Published: 9/1981, Volume: 36, Issue: 4 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1981.tb04894.x | Cited by: 0
THOMAS A. LAWLER
AN EVALUATION OF CREDIT CONTROL TOOLS*
Published: 3/1957, Volume: 12, Issue: 1 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1957.tb04108.x | Cited by: 0
Thomas Irwin Storrs
A Discrete Time Option Model Dependent on Expected Return: A Note
Published: 6/1986, Volume: 41, Issue: 2 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1986.tb05052.x | Cited by: 3
THOMAS J. O'BRIEN
COMPARATIVE INVESTMENT POLICY AND PERFORMANCE OF NATIONAL UNIONS' GENERAL AND SPECIAL FUNDS*
Published: 12/1965, Volume: 20, Issue: 4 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1965.tb02943.x | Cited by: 0
Thomas J. Kewley
CONSUMER SENSITIVITY TO THE PRICE OF CREDIT
Published: 5/1964, Volume: 19, Issue: 2 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1964.tb00765.x | Cited by: 4
F. Thomas Juster
THE TERM STRUCTURE OF INTEREST RATES: A TEST OF THE EXPECTATIONS HYPOTHESIS
Published: 6/1975, Volume: 30, Issue: 3 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1975.tb01848.x | Cited by: 6
Thomas F. Cargill
Consumption Betas and Backwardation in Commodity Markets
Published: 7/1984, Volume: 39, Issue: 3 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1984.tb03653.x | Cited by: 21
THOMAS B. HAZUKA
This paper examines the relationship between commodity consumption betas and realized commodity futures contract risk premiums. A linear relationship between risk premiums and consumption betas is developed based on a consumption oriented CAPM. The parameters of this linear model are estimated using fourteen commodities.
PORTFOLIO REGULATIONS OF SELECTED FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES: SOME PROPOSALS FOR CHANGE*
Published: 5/1962, Volume: 17, Issue: 2 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1962.tb04282.x | Cited by: 0
Thomas G. Gies
RISK, RETURN AND THE COMPETITIVE STRUCTURE OF COMMERCIAL BANKING*
Published: 9/1970, Volume: 25, Issue: 4 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1970.tb00572.x | Cited by: 0
John Thomas Emery
Liquidity Changes Following Stock Splits
Published: 3/1979, Volume: 34, Issue: 1 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1979.tb02075.x | Cited by: 167
THOMAS E. COPELAND
OUTLOOK FOR STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT SECURITIES
Published: 5/1962, Volume: 17, Issue: 2 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1962.tb04276.x | Cited by: 0
Thomas R. Atkinson
Difference Systems in Financial Futures Markets
Published: 12/1982, Volume: 37, Issue: 5 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1982.tb03611.x | Cited by: 26
THOMAS ERIC KILCOLLIN
Many financial futures markets allow substitutions for the par grade of security at delivery. Substitutes are deliverable at premiums or discounts—“differences” in commodities parlance—to the futures price. The rule that establishes these differences is called a difference system. This paper characterizes financial futures market equilibrium with yield‐based difference systems and investigates particular systems in use. The major finding is that currently used difference systems effectively limit deliverable supply in the futures markets and lead to futures prices which understate the cash market price of the par security.
A TWO‐PERIOD BALANCE SHEET MODEL FOR BANKS*
Published: 12/1971, Volume: 26, Issue: 5 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1971.tb01767.x | Cited by: 0
Thomas M. Supel
FINANCIAL RISK AND THE ST. PETERSBURG PARADOX: COMMENT
Published: 12/1978, Volume: 33, Issue: 5 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1978.tb03432.x | Cited by: 0
Thomas W. Epps
The Valuation of American Options with Stochastic Interest Rates: A Generalization of the Geske—Johnson Technique
Published: 6/1997, Volume: 52, Issue: 2 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb04823.x | Cited by: 17
T. S. HO, RICHARD C. STAPLETON, MARTI G. SUBRAHMANYAM
The Geske–Johnson approach provides an efficient and intuitively appealing technique for the valuation and hedging of American‐style contingent claims. Here, we generalize their approach to a stochastic interest rate economy. The method is implemented using options exercisable on one of a finite number of dates. We illustrate how the value of an American‐style option increases with interest rate volatility. The magnitude of this effect depends on the extent to which the option is in the money, the volatilities of the underlying asset and the interest rates, as well as the correlation between them.
Efficient Recapitalization
Published: 1/11/2013, Volume: 68, Issue: 1 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2012.01793.x | Cited by: 152
THOMAS PHILIPPON, PHILIPP SCHNABL
We analyze government interventions to recapitalize a banking sector that restricts lending to firms because of debt overhang. We find that the efficient recapitalization program injects capital against preferred stock plus warrants and conditions implementation on sufficient bank participation. Preferred stock plus warrants reduces opportunistic participation by banks that do not require recapitalization, although conditional implementation limits free riding by banks that benefit from lower credit risk because of other banks’ participation. Efficient recapitalization is profitable if the benefits of lower aggregate credit risk exceed the cost of implicit transfers to bank debt holders.
Venture Capital and the Professionalization of Start‐Up Firms: Empirical Evidence
Published: 2/2002, Volume: 57, Issue: 1 | DOI: 10.1111/1540-6261.00419 | Cited by: 1720
Thomas Hellmann, Manju Puri
This paper examines the impact venture capital can have on the development of new firms. Using a hand‐collected data set on Silicon Valley start‐ups, we find that venture capital is related to a variety of professionalization measures, such as human resource policies, the adoption of stock option plans, and the hiring of a marketing VP. Venture‐capital‐backed companies are also more likely and faster to replace the founder with an outside CEO, both in situations that appear adversarial and those mutually agreed to. The evidence suggests that venture capitalists play roles over and beyond those of traditional financial intermediaries.
The Risk‐Adjusted Cost of Financial Distress
Published: 11/28/2007, Volume: 62, Issue: 6 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2007.01286.x | Cited by: 320
HEITOR ALMEIDA, THOMAS PHILIPPON
Financial distress is more likely to happen in bad times. The present value of distress costs therefore depends on risk premia. We estimate this value using risk‐adjusted default probabilities derived from corporate bond spreads. For a BBB‐rated firm, our benchmark calculations show that the NPV of distress is 4.5% of predistress value. In contrast, a valuation that ignores risk premia generates an NPV of 1.4%. We show that marginal distress costs can be as large as the marginal tax benefits of debt derived by Graham (2000). Thus, distress risk premia can help explain why firms appear to use debt conservatively.
Did Banks Pay Fair Returns to Taxpayers on TARP?
Published: 6/24/2024, Volume: 79, Issue: 5 | DOI: 10.1111/jofi.13367 | Cited by: 11
THOMAS FLANAGAN, AMIYATOSH PURNANANDAM
Financial institutions received investments under the Troubled Asset Relief Program in a bad state of the world but repaid them in a relatively good state. We show that the recipients paid considerably lower returns to taxpayers compared to private‐market securities with similar risk over the same investment horizon, resulting in a subsidy of over $50 billion on the preferred equity investment by the government. Ex‐post renegotiation of contract terms limited the upside gains received by taxpayers in good times and contributed to the subsidy. These findings have important implications for the design and implementation of future bailouts. Our simple methodology for calculating the subsidy can be applied to evaluate the financial costs of other bailouts.
Market Response to the Weekly Money Supply Announcements in the 1970s
Published: 12/1981, Volume: 36, Issue: 5 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1981.tb01076.x | Cited by: 117
THOMAS URICH, PAUL WACHTEL
The hypothesis that the weekly announcement of the money supply affects interest rates is examined. The announcement effect is interpreted as a policy anticipation effect. That is, an unanticipated increase in the money supply leads to an increase in interest rates in anticipation of future tightening by the Federal Reserve. Estimates of this effect with proxies for the unanticipated change constructed from a survey of money supply forecasts and an ARIMA model indicate that: (a) financial markets respond very quickly to the announcement; and (b) the response was largest when policymakers emphasized the importance of the monetary aggregates.
The Effects of Inflation and Money Supply Announcements on Interest Rates
Published: 9/1984, Volume: 39, Issue: 4 | DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1984.tb03901.x | Cited by: 71
THOMAS URICH, PAUL WACHTEL
This paper examines the impact of the money supply and inflation rate announcements on interest rates. Survey data on expectations of the money supply and consumer and producer price indexes are used to distinguish anticipated and unanticipated components of the announcements. This distinction is used to test for the efficiency of the financial market response to the announcements of new information. The results indicate that the unanticipated components of the announced changes in the Producers Price Index and in the money supply have an immediate positive effect on short‐term interest rates. The Consumer Price Index announcement has no apparent effect. There is no evidence of a delayed announcement effect. However, there is some indication of a liquidity effect of the money supply change on interest rates. This takes place when reserves are changing and several weeks prior to the information announcement.