The Journal of Finance

The Journal of Finance publishes leading research across all the major fields of finance. It is one of the most widely cited journals in academic finance, and in all of economics. Each of the six issues per year reaches over 8,000 academics, finance professionals, libraries, and government and financial institutions around the world. The journal is the official publication of The American Finance Association, the premier academic organization devoted to the study and promotion of knowledge about financial economics.

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Corporate Control, Portfolio Choice, and the Decline of Banking

Published: 12/1995,  Volume: 50,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1995.tb05183.x  |  Cited by: 207

GARY GORTON, RICHARD ROSEN

In the 1980s, U.S. banks became systematically less profitable and riskier as nonbank competition eroded the profitability of banks' traditional activities. Bank failures rose exponentially during this decade. The leading explanation for the persistence of these trends centers on fixed‐rate deposit insurance: the insurance gives bank equityholders an incentive to take on risk when the value of bank charters falls. We propose and test an alternative explanation based on corporate control considerations. We show that managerial entrenchment played a more important role than did the moral hazard associated with deposit insurance in explaining the recent behavior of the banking industry.


Eat or Be Eaten: A Theory of Mergers and Firm Size

Published: 5/20/2009,  Volume: 64,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2009.01465.x  |  Cited by: 203

GARY GORTON, MATTHIAS KAHL, RICHARD J. ROSEN

We propose a theory of mergers that combines managerial merger motives with an industry‐level regime shift that may lead to value‐increasing merger opportunities. Anticipation of these merger opportunities can lead to defensive acquisitions, where managers acquire other firms to avoid losing private benefits if their firms are acquired, or “positioning” acquisitions, where firms position themselves as more attractive takeover targets to earn takeover premia. The identity of acquirers and targets and the profitability of acquisitions depend on the distribution of firm sizes within an industry, among other factors. We find empirical support for some unique predictions of our theory.


THE LONG‐RUN EFFECTS UPON THE UNITED STATES OF THE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE FAR EAST*

Published: 12/1952,  Volume: 7,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1952.tb02488.x  |  Cited by: 0

George Rosen


STOCK MARKET CAPITAL GAINS AND CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES*

Published: 12/1973,  Volume: 28,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1973.tb01473.x  |  Cited by: 1

Lewis J. Rosen


Money Market Mutual Funds: An Experiment in Ad Hoc Deregulation: A Note

Published: 6/1983,  Volume: 38,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1983.tb02516.x  |  Cited by: 6

KENNETH T. ROSEN, LARRY KATZ


Agency, Delayed Compensation, and the Structure of Executive Remuneration

Published: 12/1983,  Volume: 38,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1983.tb03836.x  |  Cited by: 101

JONATHAN EATON, HARVEY S. ROSEN

In this paper we examine the factors affecting the structure of executives' compensation packages. We focus particularly on the role of various types of delayed compensation as means of “bonding” executives to their firms.The basic problem is to design a compensation package that rewards actions that are in the long‐run interest of the stockholders. Firms must take into account their ability to discern unfortunate circumstances from mismanagement, the extent to which a compensation package forces the executive to face risks beyond his control, and the willingness of a given executive to bear this risk. We use our theory to interpret some executive compensation data from the early 1970s.


Time‐Variance Relationship: Evidence on Correlation in Common Stock Returns: Comment

Published: 12/1979,  Volume: 34,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1979.tb00073.x  |  Cited by: 0

MEIR I. SCHNELLER, CHARLES S. ROSEN


A Microeconomic Model of Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation Activity

Published: 9/1980,  Volume: 35,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1980.tb03513.x  |  Cited by: 1

KENNETH T. ROSEN, DAVID E. BLOOM


ESTIMATES OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STABILIZATION POLICIES FOR THE MORTGAGE AND HOUSING MARKETS1

Published: 6/1978,  Volume: 33,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1978.tb02033.x  |  Cited by: 4

Dwight M. Jaffee, Kenneth T. Rosen


The Impact of Deregulation and Financial Innovation on Consumers: The Case of the Mortgage Market

Published: 1/13/2010,  Volume: 65,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2009.01531.x  |  Cited by: 88

KRISTOPHER S. GERARDI, HARVEY S. ROSEN, PAUL S. WILLEN

We develop a technique to assess the impact of changes in mortgage markets on households, exploiting an implication of the permanent income hypothesis: The higher a household's expected future income, the higher its desired consumption, ceteris paribus. With perfect credit markets, desired consumption matches actual consumption and current spending forecasts future income. Because credit market imperfections mute this effect, the extent to which house spending predicts future income measures the “imperfectness” of mortgage markets. Using micro‐data, we find that since the early 1980s, mortgage markets have become less imperfect in this sense, and securitization has played an important role.


Financial Expertise as an Arms Race

Published: 9/12/2012,  Volume: 67,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2012.01771.x  |  Cited by: 105

VINCENT GLODE, RICHARD C. GREEN, RICHARD LOWERY

We show that firms intermediating trade have incentives to overinvest in financial expertise. In our model, expertise improves firms’ ability to estimate value when trading a security. Expertise creates asymmetric information, which, under normal circumstances, works to the advantage of the expert as it deters opportunistic bargaining by counterparties. This advantage is neutralized in equilibrium, however, by offsetting investments by competitors. Moreover, when volatility rises the adverse selection created by expertise triggers breakdowns in liquidity, destroying gains to trade and thus the benefits that firms hope to gain through high levels of expertise.


A Nonparametric Model of Term Structure Dynamics and the Market Price of Interest Rate Risk

Published: 12/1997,  Volume: 52,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb02748.x  |  Cited by: 289

RICHARD STANTON

This article presents a technique for nonparametrically estimating continuous‐time diffusion processes that are observed at discrete intervals. We illustrate the methodology by using daily three and six month Treasury Bill data, from January 1965 to July 1995, to estimate the drift and diffusion of the short rate, and the market price of interest rate risk. While the estimated diffusion is similar to that estimated by Chan, Karolyi, Longstaff, and Sanders (1992), there is evidence of substantial nonlinearity in the drift. This is close to zero for low and medium interest rates, but mean reversion increases sharply at higher interest rates.


SOME CONSIDERATIONS ON THE INCIDENCE OF THE CORPORATION INCOME TAX (Discussion)

Published: 6/1951,  Volume: 6,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1951.tb04458.x  |  Cited by: 0

Richard Goode


INVESTMENT DIVERSIFICATION AND BOND MATURITY

Published: 3/1971,  Volume: 26,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1971.tb00588.x  |  Cited by: 34

Richard Roll


MONETARY EQUILIBRIUM AND INTERNATIONAL RESERVE FLOWS IN AUSTRALIA

Published: 12/1974,  Volume: 29,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1974.tb03133.x  |  Cited by: 6

Richard Zecher


THE AMERICAN CAPITAL MARKET, 1846–1914: A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF PUBLIC POLICY ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT*

Published: 9/1970,  Volume: 25,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1970.tb00579.x  |  Cited by: 1

Richard Sylla


A Possible Explanation of the Small Firm Effect

Published: 9/1981,  Volume: 36,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1981.tb04890.x  |  Cited by: 226

RICHARD ROLL

Recent empirical studies have found that small listed firms yield higher average returns than large firms even when their riskiness is equal. The riskiness of small firms, however, has been improperly measured. Apparently, the error is due to auto‐correlation in portfolio returns caused by infrequent trading. Other anomalous predictors of riskadjusted returns, such as price/earnings ratios and dividend yields, may also derive some of their apparent power from this spurious source.


IMPUTED RENT OF OWNER‐OCCUPIED DWELLINGS UNDER THE INCOME TAX

Published: 12/1960,  Volume: 15,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1960.tb02766.x  |  Cited by: 19

Richard Goode


Bankruptcy Risk and Optimal Capital Structure

Published: 12/1983,  Volume: 38,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1983.tb03845.x  |  Cited by: 179

RICHARD CASTANIAS

This study finds shortcomings in empirical tests of the capital structure irrelevance hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis is that firms choose value maximizing mixes of debt and equity on account of bankruptcy costs and the tax deductibility of interest payments. Based upon the cross‐sectional implications of the tax shelter‐bankruptcy cost hypothesis, an alternative test of the irrelevance hypothesis is performed. The test examines the relationship between failure rates and leverage ratios for 36 lines of business. The results are inconsistent with the irrelevance hypothesis.


EVIDENCE ON THE “GROWTH‐OPTIMUM” MODEL

Published: 6/1973,  Volume: 28,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1973.tb01378.x  |  Cited by: 17

Richard Roll


Industrial Structure and the Comparative Behavior of International Stock Market Indices

Published: 3/1992,  Volume: 47,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1992.tb03977.x  |  Cited by: 501

RICHARD ROLL

Stock Price Indices are compared across countries in an attempt to explain why they exhibit such disparate behavior. Three separate explanatory influences are empirically documented. First, part of the behavior can be attributed to a technical aspect of index construction; some indices are more diversified than others. Second, each country's industrial structure plays a major role in explaining stock price behavior. Third, for the majority of countries, a portion of national equity index behavior can be ascribed to exchange rate behavior. Exchange rates explain a significant portion of common currency denominated national index returns, although the amount explained by exchange rates is less than the amount explained by industrial structure for most countries.


BALANCE‐OF‐PAYMENTS PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES*

Published: 3/1954,  Volume: 9,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1954.tb01207.x  |  Cited by: 0

Richard Perlman


AMBIGUITY WHEN PERFORMANCE IS MEASURED BY THE SECURITIES MARKET LINE

Published: 9/1978,  Volume: 33,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1978.tb02047.x  |  Cited by: 291

Richard Roll


AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF THE ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PRICING OF RISKY ASSETS

Published: 5/1977,  Volume: 32,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1977.tb03287.x  |  Cited by: 133

Richard Stehle


THE REFUNDING DECISION IN NEAR PERFECT MARKETS

Published: 12/1974,  Volume: 29,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1974.tb03128.x  |  Cited by: 2

Richard Kolodny


R2

Published: 7/1988,  Volume: 43,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1988.tb04591.x  |  Cited by: 607

RICHARD ROLL

Even with hindsight, the ability to explain stock price changes is modest. s were calculated for the returns of large stocks as explained by systematic economic influences, by the returns on other stocks in the same industry, and by public firm‐specific news events. The average adjusted is only about .35 with monthly data and .20 with daily data. There is little relation between explanatory power and either the firm's size or its industry. There is little improvement in from eliminating all dates surrounding news reports in the financial press. However, the sample kurtosis is quite different when such news events are eliminated, thereby revealing a mixture of return distributions. Non‐news dates also indicate the presence of a distributional mixture, perhaps due to traders acting on private information.


CORPORATE BORROWING DECISIONS AND THE EVALUATION OF INTEREST RATE FORECASTS*

Published: 9/1974,  Volume: 29,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1974.tb03113.x  |  Cited by: 0

Richard Kolodny


DISCUSSION

Published: 7/1984,  Volume: 39,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1984.tb03652.x  |  Cited by: 0

RICHARD RUBACK


DEPOSIT COMPOSITION AND COMMERCIAL BANK EARNINGS*

Published: 12/1971,  Volume: 26,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1971.tb01762.x  |  Cited by: 0

Richard Bond


A Simple Implicit Measure of the Effective Bid‐Ask Spread in an Efficient Market

Published: 9/1984,  Volume: 39,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1984.tb03897.x  |  Cited by: 1379

RICHARD ROLL

In an efficient market, the fundamental value of a security fluctuates randomly. However, trading costs induce negative serial dependence in successive observed market price changes. In fact, given market efficiency, the effective bid‐ask spread can be measured by where “cov” is the first‐order serial covariance of price changes. This implicit measure of the bid‐ask spread is derived formally and is shown empirically to be closely related to firm size.


INTEREST RATES ON MONETARY ASSETS AND COMMODITY PRICE INDEX CHANGES

Published: 5/1972,  Volume: 27,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1972.tb00958.x  |  Cited by: 55

Richard Roll


AN ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF COST‐OF‐CAPITAL CONCEPTS IN NATURAL‐GAS‐PIPELINE RATE REGULATION*

Published: 9/1968,  Volume: 23,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1968.tb00858.x  |  Cited by: 0

Richard A. Oppedahl


A PORTFOLIO MODEL OF INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL FLOWS*

Published: 9/1972,  Volume: 27,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1972.tb01331.x  |  Cited by: 0

Richard D. Haas


THE PERMANENT INCOME‐WEALTH APPROACH TO THE DEMAND FOR MONEY: ANALYTICAL AND EMPIRICAL ASPECTS*

Published: 3/1967,  Volume: 22,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1967.tb01669.x  |  Cited by: 0

Richard H. Puckett


RISK‐PREMIUM CURVES FOR DIFFERENT CLASSES OF LONG‐TERM SECURITIES, 1950–1966: COMMENT

Published: 9/1972,  Volume: 27,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1972.tb01327.x  |  Cited by: 1

Richard W. McEnally


Report of the Editor of The Journal of Finance for the year 2000

Published: 8/2001,  Volume: 56,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/0022-1082.00382  |  Cited by: 0

Richard C. Green


DISCUSSION

Published: 3/1950,  Volume: 5,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1950.tb00098.x  |  Cited by: 0

Richard C. Youngdahl


THE DYNAMICS OF CORPORATE CAPITAL BUDGETING

Published: 6/1974,  Volume: 29,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1974.tb01486.x  |  Cited by: 8

Richard R. Spies


Benchmark Portfolio Inefficiency and Deviations from the Security Market Line

Published: 6/1986,  Volume: 41,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1986.tb05037.x  |  Cited by: 23

RICHARD C. GREEN

This paper theoretically evaluates the robustness of the Security Market Line relationship when the market proxy employed is not mean‐variance efficient. The analysis focuses on the behavior of the “benchmark errors,” the deviations of assets and portfolios from the Security Market Line. First, we characterize how the location of an asset in mean‐variance space determines its benchmark error. Then the continuity properties of the benchmark errors are studied. The results indicate that the magnitudes of the errors exhibit continuous but not uniformly continuous behaviors. The relative rankings based on deviations from the Security Market Line, however, exhibit some severe discontinuities. In fact, these can be exactly reversed for two proxies arbitrarily close in mean‐variance space.


TRADING IN WARRANTS BY MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Published: 3/1977,  Volume: 32,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1977.tb03244.x  |  Cited by: 1

Richard J. Rogalski


A NOTE ON THE RETURN BEHAVIOR OF HIGH RISK COMMON STOCKS

Published: 3/1974,  Volume: 29,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1974.tb00035.x  |  Cited by: 32

Richard W. McEnally


DISCUSSION

Published: 7/1984,  Volume: 39,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1984.tb03676.x  |  Cited by: 2

RICHARD J. ROGALSKI


THE RELATIONSHIP OF MONETARY POLICY TO THE STOCK MARKET: THE EXPERIENCE WITH MARGIN REQUIREMENTS*

Published: 9/1967,  Volume: 22,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1967.tb02984.x  |  Cited by: 0

Richard L. Bolster


ADJUSTING THE POSTURE OF THE U.S. ECONOMY TO FACILITATE CORPORATE FREEDOM IN INTERNATIONAL ACTIONS

Published: 5/1966,  Volume: 21,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1966.tb00225.x  |  Cited by: 0

Richard W. Lindholm


MONETARY POLICY EFFECTIVENESS: THE CASE OF A POSITIVELY SLOPED I‐S CURVE: COMMENT

Published: 12/1973,  Volume: 28,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1973.tb01466.x  |  Cited by: 0

Richard H. Puckett


DYNAMIC OPTION MODELS: IDENTIFICATION, ESTIMATION, AND INTERPRETATION OF SPECULATIVE MARKET INTERRELATIONSHIPS*

Published: 3/1975,  Volume: 30,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1975.tb03181.x  |  Cited by: 0

Richard Jerome Rogalski


A General Diversification Theorem: A Note

Published: 6/1984,  Volume: 39,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1984.tb02327.x  |  Cited by: 10

RICHARD D. MacMINN


Beating the Foreign Exchange Market

Published: 3/1986,  Volume: 41,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1986.tb04497.x  |  Cited by: 286

RICHARD J. SWEENEY

Filter rule profits found in foreign exchange markets in the early days of the current managed float persist in later periods, as shown by statistical tests developed and implemented here. The test is consistent with, but independent of, a wide variety of asset pricing models. The profits found cannot be explained by risk if risk premia are constant over time. Inclusion of the home‐foreign interest rate differential in computing profits has little effect on the comparison of filter returns to those of buy‐and‐hold.


CAPITAL BUDGETING UNDER UNCERTAINTY: A REFORMATION: COMMENT

Published: 12/1974,  Volume: 29,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1974.tb03141.x  |  Cited by: 5

Richard C. Stapleton


Report of the Editor of The Journal of Finance for the Year 2002

Published: 7/15/2003,  Volume: 58,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/1540-6261.00585  |  Cited by: 0