The Journal of Finance

The Journal of Finance publishes leading research across all the major fields of finance. It is one of the most widely cited journals in academic finance, and in all of economics. Each of the six issues per year reaches over 8,000 academics, finance professionals, libraries, and government and financial institutions around the world. The journal is the official publication of The American Finance Association, the premier academic organization devoted to the study and promotion of knowledge about financial economics.

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Compensating Financial Experts

Published: 11/10/2016,  Volume: 71,  Issue: 6  |  DOI: 10.1111/jofi.12372  |  Cited by: 37

VINCENT GLODE, RICHARD LOWERY

We propose a labor market model in which financial firms compete for a scarce supply of workers who can be employed as either bankers or traders. While hiring bankers helps create a surplus that can be split between a firm and its trading counterparties, hiring traders helps the firm appropriate a greater share of that surplus away from its counterparties. Firms bid defensively for workers bound to become traders, who then earn more than bankers. As counterparties employ more traders, the benefit of employing bankers decreases. The model sheds light on the historical evolution of compensation in finance.


Financial Expertise as an Arms Race

Published: 9/12/2012,  Volume: 67,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2012.01771.x  |  Cited by: 104

VINCENT GLODE, RICHARD C. GREEN, RICHARD LOWERY

We show that firms intermediating trade have incentives to overinvest in financial expertise. In our model, expertise improves firms’ ability to estimate value when trading a security. Expertise creates asymmetric information, which, under normal circumstances, works to the advantage of the expert as it deters opportunistic bargaining by counterparties. This advantage is neutralized in equilibrium, however, by offsetting investments by competitors. Moreover, when volatility rises the adverse selection created by expertise triggers breakdowns in liquidity, destroying gains to trade and thus the benefits that firms hope to gain through high levels of expertise.


Trading Complex Assets

Published: 9/10/2013,  Volume: 68,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/jofi.12029  |  Cited by: 65

BRUCE IAN CARLIN, SHIMON KOGAN, RICHARD LOWERY

We perform an experimental study to assess the effect of complexity on asset trading. We find that higher complexity leads to increased price volatility, lower liquidity, and decreased trade efficiency especially when repeated bargaining takes place. However, the channel through which complexity acts is not simply due to the added noise induced by estimation error. Rather, complexity alters the bidding strategies used by traders, making them less inclined to trade, even when we control for estimation error across treatments. As such, it appears that adverse selection plays an important role in explaining the trading abnormalities caused by complexity.


Collusion in Brokered Markets

Published: 3/18/2025,  Volume: 80,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/jofi.13432  |  Cited by: 5

JOHN WILLIAM HATFIELD, SCOTT DUKE KOMINERS, RICHARD LOWERY

High commissions in the U.S. residential real estate agency market pose a puzzle for economic theory because brokerage is not a concentrated industry. We model brokered markets as a game in which agents post prices for customers and then choose which other agents to work with. We show that there exists an equilibrium in which each agent conditions working with other agents on those agents' posted prices. Prices can therefore be meaningfully higher than the competitive level (for a fixed discount factor), regardless of the number of agents. Thus, brokered markets can remain uncompetitive even with low concentration and easy entry.


A Nonparametric Model of Term Structure Dynamics and the Market Price of Interest Rate Risk

Published: 12/1997,  Volume: 52,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb02748.x  |  Cited by: 289

RICHARD STANTON

This article presents a technique for nonparametrically estimating continuous‐time diffusion processes that are observed at discrete intervals. We illustrate the methodology by using daily three and six month Treasury Bill data, from January 1965 to July 1995, to estimate the drift and diffusion of the short rate, and the market price of interest rate risk. While the estimated diffusion is similar to that estimated by Chan, Karolyi, Longstaff, and Sanders (1992), there is evidence of substantial nonlinearity in the drift. This is close to zero for low and medium interest rates, but mean reversion increases sharply at higher interest rates.


SOME CONSIDERATIONS ON THE INCIDENCE OF THE CORPORATION INCOME TAX (Discussion)

Published: 6/1951,  Volume: 6,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1951.tb04458.x  |  Cited by: 0

Richard Goode


INVESTMENT DIVERSIFICATION AND BOND MATURITY

Published: 3/1971,  Volume: 26,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1971.tb00588.x  |  Cited by: 34

Richard Roll


MONETARY EQUILIBRIUM AND INTERNATIONAL RESERVE FLOWS IN AUSTRALIA

Published: 12/1974,  Volume: 29,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1974.tb03133.x  |  Cited by: 6

Richard Zecher


THE AMERICAN CAPITAL MARKET, 1846–1914: A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF PUBLIC POLICY ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT*

Published: 9/1970,  Volume: 25,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1970.tb00579.x  |  Cited by: 1

Richard Sylla


A Possible Explanation of the Small Firm Effect

Published: 9/1981,  Volume: 36,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1981.tb04890.x  |  Cited by: 226

RICHARD ROLL

Recent empirical studies have found that small listed firms yield higher average returns than large firms even when their riskiness is equal. The riskiness of small firms, however, has been improperly measured. Apparently, the error is due to auto‐correlation in portfolio returns caused by infrequent trading. Other anomalous predictors of riskadjusted returns, such as price/earnings ratios and dividend yields, may also derive some of their apparent power from this spurious source.


IMPUTED RENT OF OWNER‐OCCUPIED DWELLINGS UNDER THE INCOME TAX

Published: 12/1960,  Volume: 15,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1960.tb02766.x  |  Cited by: 19

Richard Goode


Bankruptcy Risk and Optimal Capital Structure

Published: 12/1983,  Volume: 38,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1983.tb03845.x  |  Cited by: 179

RICHARD CASTANIAS

This study finds shortcomings in empirical tests of the capital structure irrelevance hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis is that firms choose value maximizing mixes of debt and equity on account of bankruptcy costs and the tax deductibility of interest payments. Based upon the cross‐sectional implications of the tax shelter‐bankruptcy cost hypothesis, an alternative test of the irrelevance hypothesis is performed. The test examines the relationship between failure rates and leverage ratios for 36 lines of business. The results are inconsistent with the irrelevance hypothesis.


Industrial Structure and the Comparative Behavior of International Stock Market Indices

Published: 3/1992,  Volume: 47,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1992.tb03977.x  |  Cited by: 501

RICHARD ROLL

Stock Price Indices are compared across countries in an attempt to explain why they exhibit such disparate behavior. Three separate explanatory influences are empirically documented. First, part of the behavior can be attributed to a technical aspect of index construction; some indices are more diversified than others. Second, each country's industrial structure plays a major role in explaining stock price behavior. Third, for the majority of countries, a portion of national equity index behavior can be ascribed to exchange rate behavior. Exchange rates explain a significant portion of common currency denominated national index returns, although the amount explained by exchange rates is less than the amount explained by industrial structure for most countries.


BALANCE‐OF‐PAYMENTS PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES*

Published: 3/1954,  Volume: 9,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1954.tb01207.x  |  Cited by: 0

Richard Perlman


AMBIGUITY WHEN PERFORMANCE IS MEASURED BY THE SECURITIES MARKET LINE

Published: 9/1978,  Volume: 33,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1978.tb02047.x  |  Cited by: 291

Richard Roll


AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF THE ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PRICING OF RISKY ASSETS

Published: 5/1977,  Volume: 32,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1977.tb03287.x  |  Cited by: 133

Richard Stehle


THE REFUNDING DECISION IN NEAR PERFECT MARKETS

Published: 12/1974,  Volume: 29,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1974.tb03128.x  |  Cited by: 2

Richard Kolodny


CORPORATE BORROWING DECISIONS AND THE EVALUATION OF INTEREST RATE FORECASTS*

Published: 9/1974,  Volume: 29,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1974.tb03113.x  |  Cited by: 0

Richard Kolodny


DISCUSSION

Published: 7/1984,  Volume: 39,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1984.tb03652.x  |  Cited by: 0

RICHARD RUBACK


DEPOSIT COMPOSITION AND COMMERCIAL BANK EARNINGS*

Published: 12/1971,  Volume: 26,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1971.tb01762.x  |  Cited by: 0

Richard Bond


EVIDENCE ON THE “GROWTH‐OPTIMUM” MODEL

Published: 6/1973,  Volume: 28,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1973.tb01378.x  |  Cited by: 17

Richard Roll


R2

Published: 7/1988,  Volume: 43,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1988.tb04591.x  |  Cited by: 607

RICHARD ROLL

Even with hindsight, the ability to explain stock price changes is modest. s were calculated for the returns of large stocks as explained by systematic economic influences, by the returns on other stocks in the same industry, and by public firm‐specific news events. The average adjusted is only about .35 with monthly data and .20 with daily data. There is little relation between explanatory power and either the firm's size or its industry. There is little improvement in from eliminating all dates surrounding news reports in the financial press. However, the sample kurtosis is quite different when such news events are eliminated, thereby revealing a mixture of return distributions. Non‐news dates also indicate the presence of a distributional mixture, perhaps due to traders acting on private information.


A Simple Implicit Measure of the Effective Bid‐Ask Spread in an Efficient Market

Published: 9/1984,  Volume: 39,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1984.tb03897.x  |  Cited by: 1379

RICHARD ROLL

In an efficient market, the fundamental value of a security fluctuates randomly. However, trading costs induce negative serial dependence in successive observed market price changes. In fact, given market efficiency, the effective bid‐ask spread can be measured by where “cov” is the first‐order serial covariance of price changes. This implicit measure of the bid‐ask spread is derived formally and is shown empirically to be closely related to firm size.


INTEREST RATES ON MONETARY ASSETS AND COMMODITY PRICE INDEX CHANGES

Published: 5/1972,  Volume: 27,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1972.tb00958.x  |  Cited by: 55

Richard Roll


AN ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF COST‐OF‐CAPITAL CONCEPTS IN NATURAL‐GAS‐PIPELINE RATE REGULATION*

Published: 9/1968,  Volume: 23,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1968.tb00858.x  |  Cited by: 0

Richard A. Oppedahl


A PORTFOLIO MODEL OF INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL FLOWS*

Published: 9/1972,  Volume: 27,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1972.tb01331.x  |  Cited by: 0

Richard D. Haas


THE PERMANENT INCOME‐WEALTH APPROACH TO THE DEMAND FOR MONEY: ANALYTICAL AND EMPIRICAL ASPECTS*

Published: 3/1967,  Volume: 22,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1967.tb01669.x  |  Cited by: 0

Richard H. Puckett


RISK‐PREMIUM CURVES FOR DIFFERENT CLASSES OF LONG‐TERM SECURITIES, 1950–1966: COMMENT

Published: 9/1972,  Volume: 27,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1972.tb01327.x  |  Cited by: 1

Richard W. McEnally


Report of the Editor of The Journal of Finance for the year 2000

Published: 8/2001,  Volume: 56,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/0022-1082.00382  |  Cited by: 0

Richard C. Green


DISCUSSION

Published: 3/1950,  Volume: 5,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1950.tb00098.x  |  Cited by: 0

Richard C. Youngdahl


THE DYNAMICS OF CORPORATE CAPITAL BUDGETING

Published: 6/1974,  Volume: 29,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1974.tb01486.x  |  Cited by: 8

Richard R. Spies


Benchmark Portfolio Inefficiency and Deviations from the Security Market Line

Published: 6/1986,  Volume: 41,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1986.tb05037.x  |  Cited by: 23

RICHARD C. GREEN

This paper theoretically evaluates the robustness of the Security Market Line relationship when the market proxy employed is not mean‐variance efficient. The analysis focuses on the behavior of the “benchmark errors,” the deviations of assets and portfolios from the Security Market Line. First, we characterize how the location of an asset in mean‐variance space determines its benchmark error. Then the continuity properties of the benchmark errors are studied. The results indicate that the magnitudes of the errors exhibit continuous but not uniformly continuous behaviors. The relative rankings based on deviations from the Security Market Line, however, exhibit some severe discontinuities. In fact, these can be exactly reversed for two proxies arbitrarily close in mean‐variance space.


TRADING IN WARRANTS BY MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Published: 3/1977,  Volume: 32,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1977.tb03244.x  |  Cited by: 1

Richard J. Rogalski


A NOTE ON THE RETURN BEHAVIOR OF HIGH RISK COMMON STOCKS

Published: 3/1974,  Volume: 29,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1974.tb00035.x  |  Cited by: 32

Richard W. McEnally


THE RELATIONSHIP OF MONETARY POLICY TO THE STOCK MARKET: THE EXPERIENCE WITH MARGIN REQUIREMENTS*

Published: 9/1967,  Volume: 22,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1967.tb02984.x  |  Cited by: 0

Richard L. Bolster


ADJUSTING THE POSTURE OF THE U.S. ECONOMY TO FACILITATE CORPORATE FREEDOM IN INTERNATIONAL ACTIONS

Published: 5/1966,  Volume: 21,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1966.tb00225.x  |  Cited by: 0

Richard W. Lindholm


MONETARY POLICY EFFECTIVENESS: THE CASE OF A POSITIVELY SLOPED I‐S CURVE: COMMENT

Published: 12/1973,  Volume: 28,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1973.tb01466.x  |  Cited by: 0

Richard H. Puckett


DYNAMIC OPTION MODELS: IDENTIFICATION, ESTIMATION, AND INTERPRETATION OF SPECULATIVE MARKET INTERRELATIONSHIPS*

Published: 3/1975,  Volume: 30,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1975.tb03181.x  |  Cited by: 0

Richard Jerome Rogalski


A General Diversification Theorem: A Note

Published: 6/1984,  Volume: 39,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1984.tb02327.x  |  Cited by: 10

RICHARD D. MacMINN


DISCUSSION

Published: 7/1984,  Volume: 39,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1984.tb03676.x  |  Cited by: 2

RICHARD J. ROGALSKI


Beating the Foreign Exchange Market

Published: 3/1986,  Volume: 41,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1986.tb04497.x  |  Cited by: 286

RICHARD J. SWEENEY

Filter rule profits found in foreign exchange markets in the early days of the current managed float persist in later periods, as shown by statistical tests developed and implemented here. The test is consistent with, but independent of, a wide variety of asset pricing models. The profits found cannot be explained by risk if risk premia are constant over time. Inclusion of the home‐foreign interest rate differential in computing profits has little effect on the comparison of filter returns to those of buy‐and‐hold.


CAPITAL BUDGETING UNDER UNCERTAINTY: A REFORMATION: COMMENT

Published: 12/1974,  Volume: 29,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1974.tb03141.x  |  Cited by: 5

Richard C. Stapleton


Report of the Editor of The Journal of Finance for the Year 2002

Published: 7/15/2003,  Volume: 58,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/1540-6261.00585  |  Cited by: 0


POLICIES AND PRACTICES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ASSET LIQUIDITY RESERVES OF SMALL AND MEDIUM COMMERCIAL BANKS IN WISCONSIN*

Published: 3/1963,  Volume: 18,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1963.tb01625.x  |  Cited by: 0

Richard A. Chamberlin


Report of the Editor of The Journal of Finance for the Year 2001

Published: 8/2002,  Volume: 57,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/1540-6261.00481  |  Cited by: 0

Richard C. Green


DISCUSSION

Published: 5/1969,  Volume: 24,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1969.tb01686.x  |  Cited by: 1

Richard S. Bower


DISCUSSION

Published: 7/1984,  Volume: 39,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1984.tb03666.x  |  Cited by: 0

RICHARD J. HERRING


AN ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF FOREST TAXATION: THEIR EFFECTS ON REAL FOREST INVESTMENT AND SOCIAL VALUE YIELDS NOT SUBJECT TO CAPTURE BY THE OWNER*

Published: 9/1962,  Volume: 17,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1962.tb04305.x  |  Cited by: 0

Richard W. Tresteail


ADMINISTERED PRICES AND THE MARKET REACTION: THE CASE OF URBAN CORE PROPERTY INSURANCE

Published: 3/1973,  Volume: 28,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1973.tb01352.x  |  Cited by: 2

Richard F. Syron


The Cities Service Takeover: A Case Study

Published: 5/1983,  Volume: 38,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1983.tb02236.x  |  Cited by: 21

RICHARD S. RUBACK