The Journal of Finance

The Journal of Finance publishes leading research across all the major fields of finance. It is one of the most widely cited journals in academic finance, and in all of economics. Each of the six issues per year reaches over 8,000 academics, finance professionals, libraries, and government and financial institutions around the world. The journal is the official publication of The American Finance Association, the premier academic organization devoted to the study and promotion of knowledge about financial economics.

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Deposit Insurance and the Discount Window: Pricing under Asymmetric Information

Published: 6/1986,  Volume: 41,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1986.tb05047.x  |  Cited by: 19

GEORGE KANATAS

The risk‐sensitive pricing of deposit insurance and the discount window is determined in an environment where banks have private information concerning their financial conditions. The two facilities are managed jointly; an incentive‐compatible policy is designed such that banks' choice of terms at which they can obtain insurance and access to discount window credit will reveal their asset quality. The function of the discount window is to be a risk‐neutral “lender of last resort” to banks in a market dominated by risk‐averse depositors.


Integration of Lending and Underwriting: Implications of Scope Economies

Published: 5/6/2003,  Volume: 58,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/1540-6261.00562  |  Cited by: 61

George Kanatas, Jianping Qi

AbstractInformational scope economies provide a cost advantage to universal banks offering “one‐stop shopping” for lending and underwriting that enables them to “lock in” their clients' subsequent business. This market power reduces universal banks' incentive, relative to that of specialized investment banks, to apply costly underwriting efforts; consequently, universal banks are less successful in selling their clients' securities. Our results suggest that an integrated financial services market is less innovative than one with specialized intermediaries. Our analysis also identifies economy, intermediary, and firm characteristics that motivate either the integration or segmentation of bank lending and underwriting.


Bank Forward Lending in Alternative Funding Environments

Published: 9/1982,  Volume: 37,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1982.tb03589.x  |  Cited by: 12

SUDHAKAR D. DESHMUKH, STUART I. GREENBAUM, GEORGE KANATAS

This paper examines the effects of loan commitments on bank lending behavior in both deposit‐funding and liability management environments. Assuming that the bank lends exclusively under commitments and that the number of commitments exercised is uncertain, the bank must choose its supply of commitments. Given this choice, the bank becomes a passive lender to commitment holders. Our focus on forward credit markets sheds new light on the private bankers' assertion that they do not directly determine their level of lending, but merely “accommodate” the credit needs of their customers. Similarly, the central banker's claimed inability to control monetary aggregates in the short‐run becomes understandable in a new context. It is shown that the advent of liability management will reduce the volume of loan commitments and the expected size of the bank and of the banking system. It is also shown that increased uncertainty regarding borrower takedown behavior diminishes the volume of commitments, expected bank and banking system size.


Interest Rate Uncertainty and the Financial Intermediary's Choice of Exposure

Published: 3/1983,  Volume: 38,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1983.tb03631.x  |  Cited by: 25

SUDHAKAR D. DESHMUKH, STUART I. GREENBAUM, GEORGE KANATAS

The financial intermediary's choice of operating as a broker with minimal risk exposure or as an asset‐transformer with interest rate risk is modeled as a funds inventory decision made prior to the resolution of uncertainty regarding the borrowing or lending interest rates. It is shown that an increase in the interest rate uncertainty leads the intermediary to reduce its exposure, thereby offering decreased asset‐transformation and more brokerage services. However, a stochastic increase in the interest rates leads to greater asset‐transformation and less brokerage services.


Lending Policies of Financial Intermediaries Facing Credit and Funding Risk

Published: 6/1983,  Volume: 38,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1983.tb02507.x  |  Cited by: 10

SUDHAKAR D. DESHMUKH, STUART I. GREENBAUM, GEORGE KANATAS

This paper compares the optimal lending decisions of financial intermediaries that differ in their risk exposure. All intermediaries are assumed to face a loan demand described by a random applicant arrival process with each applicant offering a unique risk‐adjusted rate of return; loan demand is therefore uncertain in both quantity and quality. The intermediaries differ in terms of their risk exposure because of disparate funding practices. Intermediaries functioning as brokers minimize their exposure by borrowing funds only as demand is realized, whereas those behaving as asset‐transformers borrow in advance of realizing loan demand, thereby maintaining a loanable funds inventory and sustaining the related exposure. The optimal sequential lending policy is shown to involve setting a credit standard that becomes stricter with the length of the intermediary's planning horizon and the volume of loans outstanding. Most importantly, it is shown that brokers adopt stricter credit standards than asset‐transformers and therby reduce their volume of lending.


PROJECTING MARKET STRUCTURE BY MONTE CARLO SIMULATION: A STUDY OF BANK EXPANSION IN NEW JERSEY

Published: 12/1972,  Volume: 27,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1972.tb03027.x  |  Cited by: 0

George R. Juncker, George S. Oldfield


DISCUSSION

Published: 7/1985,  Volume: 40,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1985.tb04997.x  |  Cited by: 0

GEORGE TAUCHEN


VALUATION PARAMETERS OF PROPERTY‐LIABILITY COMPANIES

Published: 6/1977,  Volume: 32,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1977.tb01991.x  |  Cited by: 12

George Foster


TIGHT MONEY, MONETARY RESTRAINT, AND THE PRICE LEVEL*

Published: 3/1966,  Volume: 21,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1966.tb02952.x  |  Cited by: 2

George Horwich


Externalities and Financial Reporting

Published: 5/1980,  Volume: 35,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1980.tb02183.x  |  Cited by: 47

GEORGE FOSTER


Output, Stock Volatility, and Political Uncertainty in a Natural Experiment: Germany, 1880–1940

Published: 12/1998,  Volume: 53,  Issue: 6  |  DOI: 10.1111/0022-1082.00090  |  Cited by: 208

George Bittlingmayer

Why does stock volatility increase when output declines? The theory of investment under uncertainty implies that political uncertainty may simultaneously increase volatility and reduce output. Though cause and effect are typically hard to separate, the transition from Imperial to Weimar Germany offers a natural experiment because major political events left clear traces on stock prices. Current and past increases in volatility are associated with output declines, consistent with U.S. experience. However, political events are more clearly the source of volatility, and the results support the view that the relationship between volatility and output reflects the joint effects of political factors.


ELEMENTS OF TIMING AND RESPONSE IN THE BALANCE SHEET OF BANKING, 1953–55*

Published: 5/1957,  Volume: 12,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1957.tb04133.x  |  Cited by: 0

George Horwich


OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS, THE RATE OF INTEREST, AND THE PRICE LEVEL: AN ESSAY IN THE PURE THEORY OF INTEREST AND MONEY*

Published: 12/1955,  Volume: 10,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1955.tb01302.x  |  Cited by: 0

George Horwich


THE LONG‐RUN EFFECTS UPON THE UNITED STATES OF THE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE FAR EAST*

Published: 12/1952,  Volume: 7,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1952.tb02488.x  |  Cited by: 0

George Rosen


INTRODUCTION

Published: 5/1965,  Volume: 20,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1965.tb00201.x  |  Cited by: 0

George Garvy


TIGHT MONEY AS A CAUSE OF INFLATION: REPLY

Published: 3/1971,  Volume: 26,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1971.tb00600.x  |  Cited by: 1

George Horwich


Stock Returns, Real Activity, and the Trust Question

Published: 12/1992,  Volume: 47,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1992.tb04680.x  |  Cited by: 24

GEORGE BITTLINGMAYER

Periodic antitrust attacks on corporations may have influenced stock prices. For the period 1904 to 1944, each antitrust case filed is associated with a 0.5 to 1.9 percent drop of the Dow, and each unexpected case with even larger drops. Other aspects of antitrust besides actual filings may help account for other movements, in particular the 1929 Crash. Historical evidence bears on the question of whether antitrust is exogenous and also links antitrust and the “corporation problem.” These results illustrate the sorts of real factors aside from changes in concurrent output that may account for stock price volatility.


THE POSTWAR QUALITY OF MUNICIPAL BONDS*

Published: 9/1965,  Volume: 20,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1965.tb02919.x  |  Cited by: 0

George H. Hempel


THE COST OF BANKING OPERATIONS: A STATISTICAL STUDY*

Published: 3/1964,  Volume: 19,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1964.tb00751.x  |  Cited by: 1

George J. Benston


CAPITAL BUDGETING, CIRCA 1915*

Published: 9/1965,  Volume: 20,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1965.tb02910.x  |  Cited by: 0

George A. Wing


DISCUSSION

Published: 5/1974,  Volume: 29,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1974.tb03065.x  |  Cited by: 1

George C. Pinches


DIVIDEND REMITTANCE BEHAVIOR WITHIN THE INTERNATIONAL FIRM: A THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS*

Published: 9/1972,  Volume: 27,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1972.tb01332.x  |  Cited by: 0

George F. Kopits


DISCUSSION

Published: 5/1983,  Volume: 38,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1983.tb02248.x  |  Cited by: 0

GEORGE R. HALL


THE DYNAMICS OF CORPORATE DEBT MANAGEMENT*

Published: 12/1971,  Volume: 26,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1971.tb01764.x  |  Cited by: 0

George M. Frankfurter


Loan Sales and the Cost of Bank Capital

Published: 6/1988,  Volume: 43,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1988.tb03945.x  |  Cited by: 346

GEORGE G. PENNACCHI

This paper considers a model where banks may improve the returns on loans by monitoring borrowers. Bank regulation, together with competitive deposit and equity financing, can give banks an incentive to sell loans, but the extent of their loan selling is limited by a moral‐hazard problem. A solution is given for the optimal design of the bank‐loan buyer contract that alleviates this moral‐hazard problem. An explanation is also given as to why some banks might buy loans and why loan sales volume has recently increased.


DIRECT PLACEMENTS

Published: 6/1951,  Volume: 6,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1951.tb04448.x  |  Cited by: 0

George T. Conklin


RESIDENTIAL REAL ESTATE FINANCE IN THE 1960'S*†

Published: 5/1960,  Volume: 15,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1960.tb00166.x  |  Cited by: 0

W. George Pinnell


FINANCING CORPORATE MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS WITH CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK*

Published: 12/1968,  Volume: 23,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1968.tb00334.x  |  Cited by: 0

George E. Pinches


Managerial Preference, Asymmetric Information, and Financial Structure

Published: 9/1987,  Volume: 42,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1987.tb03915.x  |  Cited by: 37

GEORGE W. BLAZENKO

If firm performance affects managers' wealth or reputation, preferences of managers dominate firms' financing decisions. When information about real asset investment is symmetric, managers finance exclusively with equity. If managers know more about asset quality than do investors and if managers are sufficiently risk averse, they signal high‐quality projects with debt. Increases in collateral value decrease risky debt use. Increases in interest rates that do not change productive opportunities increase debt use. The explanation for these and further results is based on underpricing of equity and overpricing of debt at the margin.


FINANCING WITH CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK, 1960–1967: REPLY

Published: 3/1971,  Volume: 26,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1971.tb00598.x  |  Cited by: 0

George E. Pinches


GRADUATED INTEREST RATE CEILINGS AND OPERATING COSTS BY SIZE OF SMALL CONSUMER CASH LOANS

Published: 6/1977,  Volume: 32,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1977.tb01981.x  |  Cited by: 7

George J. Benston


Merton H. Miller

Published: 8/2001,  Volume: 56,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/0022-1082.00362  |  Cited by: 0

George M. Constantinides


SEASONAL MOVEMENTS IN THE FLOW OF FUNDS*

Published: 3/1965,  Volume: 20,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1965.tb00198.x  |  Cited by: 0

George J. Viksnins


“A MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL BOND RATINGS” AND THE ROLE OF SUBORDINATION: REPLY

Published: 3/1978,  Volume: 33,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1978.tb03412.x  |  Cited by: 5

George E. Pinches


MAJOR TRENDS IN THE MARKET FOR TAX‐EXEMPT SECURITIES*, 1

Published: 5/1954,  Volume: 9,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1954.tb01222.x  |  Cited by: 0

George E. Lent


FEDERAL TAXING AND SPENDING IN VIRGINIA: A QUANTITATIVE STUDY

Published: 3/1951,  Volume: 6,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1951.tb04446.x  |  Cited by: 0

George W. McKinney


Rational Asset Prices

Published: 8/2002,  Volume: 57,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/1540-6261.00471  |  Cited by: 103

George M. Constantinides

The mean, covariability, and predictability of the return of different classes of financial assets challenge the rational economic model for an explanation. The unconditional mean aggregate equity premium is almost seven percent per year and remains high after adjusting downwards the sample mean premium by introducing prior beliefs about the stationarity of the price–dividend ratio and the (non)forecastability of the long‐term dividend growth and price—dividend ratio. Recognition that idiosyncratic income shocks are uninsurable and concentrated in recessions contributes toward an explanation. Also borrowing constraints over the investors' life cycle that shift the stock market risk to the saving middle‐aged consumers contribute toward an explanation.


A MICROECONOMIC APPROACH TO BANKING COMPETITION: COMMENT

Published: 6/1972,  Volume: 27,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1972.tb00997.x  |  Cited by: 3

George J. Benston


A STUDY OF THE BORROWING PATTERNS OF EIGHTEEN CLEVELAND‐TERRITORY, FOURTH FEDERAL RESERVE DISTRICT MEMBER BANKS OVER THE PERIOD, 1961–1965*

Published: 3/1970,  Volume: 25,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1970.tb00427.x  |  Cited by: 0

George Richard Dreese


ON THE DEDUCTIBILITY OF CAPITAL LOSSES UNDER THE INCOME TAX

Published: 5/1952,  Volume: 7,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1952.tb01532.x  |  Cited by: 0

George F. Break


INTEREST RATES VERSUS INTEREST CEILINGS IN THE ALLOCATION OF CREDIT FLOWS

Published: 5/1967,  Volume: 22,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1967.tb00012.x  |  Cited by: 0

George W. Mitchell


CORPORATE BOND MARKET

Published: 5/1961,  Volume: 16,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1961.tb02824.x  |  Cited by: 2

George T. Conklin


AN EVALUATION OF MUNICIPAL “BANKRUPTCY” LAWS AND PROCEDURES

Published: 12/1973,  Volume: 28,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1973.tb01462.x  |  Cited by: 5

George H. Hempel


THE PROXIMATE IMPACT OF MONETARY POLICY ON FLOWS OF FUNDS THROUGH FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES*

Published: 9/1966,  Volume: 21,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1966.tb00263.x  |  Cited by: 0

William George Nelson


THE FISCAL HISTORY OF VIRGINIA FROM 1860 TO 1870*

Published: 9/1962,  Volume: 17,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1962.tb04325.x  |  Cited by: 0

George Wood Jennings


AN ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE RESERVE REQUIREMENT PLANS

Published: 12/1969,  Volume: 24,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1969.tb01697.x  |  Cited by: 2

George J. Benston


ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF REVENUE BOND FINANCING

Published: 5/1955,  Volume: 10,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1955.tb01268.x  |  Cited by: 0

George W. Mitchell


BUSINESS PROCEEDINGS, AMERICAN FINANCE ASSOCIATION

Published: 5/1959,  Volume: 14,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1959.tb01592.x  |  Cited by: 0

George E. Hassett


MARKET RISK ADJUSTMENT IN PROJECT VALUATION

Published: 5/1978,  Volume: 33,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1978.tb04870.x  |  Cited by: 139

George M. Constantinides


THE CAPITAL STRUCTURE IN AMERICAN BANKING

Published: 12/1954,  Volume: 9,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1954.tb01253.x  |  Cited by: 3

George Taylor Harris