The Journal of Finance

The Journal of Finance publishes leading research across all the major fields of finance. It is one of the most widely cited journals in academic finance, and in all of economics. Each of the six issues per year reaches over 8,000 academics, finance professionals, libraries, and government and financial institutions around the world. The journal is the official publication of The American Finance Association, the premier academic organization devoted to the study and promotion of knowledge about financial economics.

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A Specialist's Quoted Depth and the Limit Order Book

Published: 4/1999,  Volume: 54,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/0022-1082.00124  |  Cited by: 201

Kenneth A. Kavajecz

By partitioning quoted depth into the specialist's contribution and the limit order book's contribution, the paper investigates whether specialists manage quoted depth to reduce adverse selection risk. The results show that both specialists and limit order traders reduce depth around information events, thereby reducing their exposure to adverse selection costs. Moreover, specialists' quotes may reflect only the limit order book on the side (or sides) of the market where they believe there is a chance of informed trading. Changes in quoted depth are consistent with specialists managing their inventory as well as having knowledge of the stock's future value.


Price Discovery in the U.S. Treasury Market: The Impact of Orderflow and Liquidity on the Yield Curve

Published: 12/2004,  Volume: 59,  Issue: 6  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2004.00711.x  |  Cited by: 293

MICHAEL W. BRANDT, KENNETH A. KAVAJECZ

We examine the role of price discovery in the U.S. Treasury market through the empirical relationship between orderflow, liquidity, and the yield curve. We find that orderflow imbalances (excess buying or selling pressure) account for up to 26% of the day‐to‐day variation in yields on days without major macroeconomic announcements. The effect of orderflow on yields is permanent and strongest when liquidity is low. All of the evidence points toward an important role of price discovery in understanding the behavior of the yield curve.


AN ANALYSIS OF GROUP ANNUITIES*

Published: 3/1954,  Volume: 9,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1954.tb01206.x  |  Cited by: 0

Kenneth Black


AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PRICING OF MORTGAGE‐BACKED SECURITIES

Published: 5/1983,  Volume: 38,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1983.tb02273.x  |  Cited by: 3

LEE WAKEMAN, KENNETH B. DUNN, KENNETH J. SINGLETON


ON THE EFFECTS OF STATUTORY INTEREST RATE CEILINGS

Published: 12/1974,  Volume: 29,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1974.tb03121.x  |  Cited by: 6

Kenneth L. Avio


Bubbles, Fads and Stock Price Volatility Tests: A Partial Evaluation

Published: 7/1988,  Volume: 43,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1988.tb04596.x  |  Cited by: 221

KENNETH D. WEST

This is a summary and interpretation of some of the literature on stock price volatility that was stimulated by Leroy and Porter [28] and Shiller [40]. It appears that neither small‐sample bias, rational bubbles nor some standard models for expected returns adequately explain stock price volatility. This suggests a role for some nonstandard models for expected returns. One possibility is a “fads” model in which noise trading by naive investors is important. At present, however, there is little direct evidence that such fads play a significant role in stock price determination.


New Hope for the Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure of Interest Rates

Published: 6/1989,  Volume: 44,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1989.tb05058.x  |  Cited by: 218

KENNETH A. FROOT

Survey data on interest rate expectations permit separate testing of the two alternative hypotheses in traditional term structure tests: that the expectations hypothesis fails, and that expected future interest rates are ex post inefficient forecasts. We find that the source of the spread's poor predictions of future interest rates varies with maturity. At short maturities the expectations hypothesis fails. At long maturities, however, changes in the yield curve reflect changes in expected future rates one‐for‐one, an implication of the expectations hypothesis. This result confirms earlier findings that long rates underreact to short rates, but now it cannot be attributed to term premia.


DISCUSSION

Published: 7/1984,  Volume: 39,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1984.tb03674.x  |  Cited by: 0

KENNETH R. FRENCH


DISCOUNTS AND PREMIUMS ON CLOSED‐END MUTUAL FUNDS: A STUDY IN VALUATION

Published: 5/1973,  Volume: 28,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1973.tb01799.x  |  Cited by: 60

Kenneth J. Boudreaux


Presidential Address: The Cost of Active Investing

Published: 7/19/2008,  Volume: 63,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2008.01368.x  |  Cited by: 681

KENNETH R. FRENCH

I compare the fees, expenses, and trading costs society pays to invest in the U.S. stock market with an estimate of what would be paid if everyone invested passively. Averaging over 1980–2006, I find investors spend 0.67% of the aggregate value of the market each year searching for superior returns. Society's capitalized cost of price discovery is at least 10% of the current market cap. Under reasonable assumptions, the typical investor would increase his average annual return by 67 basis points over the 1980–2006 period if he switched to a passive market portfolio.


GROSS FLOWS OF FUNDS THROUGH LIFE INSURANCE COMPANIES*

Published: 5/1960,  Volume: 15,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1960.tb00159.x  |  Cited by: 0

Kenneth M. Wright


ECONOMIC GROWTH AND THE INDIVIDUAL*

Published: 9/1966,  Volume: 21,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1966.tb00259.x  |  Cited by: 2

Kenneth D. Goldin


ON THE EFFECTS OF STATUTORY INTEREST RATE CEILINGS: REPLY

Published: 12/1977,  Volume: 32,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1977.tb03380.x  |  Cited by: 0

Kenneth L. Avio


DISCUSSION

Published: 7/1985,  Volume: 40,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1985.tb04993.x  |  Cited by: 0

KENNETH J. SINGLETON


AN ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF RIGHTS OFFERINGS AS A METHOD OF RAISING EQUITY CAPITAL*

Published: 9/1962,  Volume: 17,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1962.tb04319.x  |  Cited by: 0

Kenneth J. Weller


NONMEMBER BANKS AND EMPIRICAL MEASURES OF THE VARIABILITY OF RESERVES AND MONEY: A THEORETICAL APPRAISAL

Published: 3/1978,  Volume: 33,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1978.tb03409.x  |  Cited by: 2

Kenneth J. Kopecky


The Method of Payment in Corporate Acquisitions, Investment Opportunities, and Management Ownership

Published: 9/1996,  Volume: 51,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1996.tb04068.x  |  Cited by: 408

KENNETH J. MARTIN

This article examines the motives underlying the payment method in corporate acquisitions. The findings support the notion that the higher the acquirer's growth opportunities, the more likely the acquirer is to use stock to finance an acquisition. Acquirer managerial ownership is not related to the probability of stock financing over small and large ranges of ownership, but is negatively related over a middle range. In addition, the likelihood of stock financing increases with higher pre‐acquisition market and acquiring firm stock returns. It decreases with an acquirer's higher cash availability, higher institutional shareholdings and blockholdings, and in tender offers.


Presidential Address: How Much “Rationality” Is There in Bond‐Market Risk Premiums?

Published: 7/6/2021,  Volume: 76,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/jofi.13062  |  Cited by: 21

KENNETH J. SINGLETON

Beliefs of professional forecasters are benchmarked against those of a Bayesian econometrician who is learning about the unknown dynamics of the bond risk factors. Consistent with rational Bayesian learning, the forecast errors of individual professionals and are comparably predictable over the business cycle. The secular and cyclical patterns of professionals' forecasts relative to those of are explored in depth. Inconsistent with many models with belief dispersion, the relationship between professionals' yield disagreement and their matched disagreements about macroeconomic fundamentals is very weak.


A NOTE ON THE INTEREST ELASTICITY OF THE TRANSACTIONS DEMAND FOR CASH*

Published: 9/1974,  Volume: 29,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1974.tb03092.x  |  Cited by: 0

Kenneth A. Lewis


Report of the Editor of the Journal of Finance for the Year 2015

Published: 7/13/2016,  Volume: 71,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/jofi.12414  |  Cited by: 0

KENNETH J. SINGLETON


Nonmember Banks and Monetary Control: Reply

Published: 6/1980,  Volume: 35,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1980.tb03503.x  |  Cited by: 0

KENNETH J. KOPECKY


Report of the Editor of the Journal of Finance for the Year 2013

Published: 7/18/2014,  Volume: 69,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/jofi.12175  |  Cited by: 0

KENNETH J. SINGLETON


FEDERAL GRANTS‐IN‐AID AND STATE TAXES* A STUDY OF THEIR EFFECT UPON MAINE INDUSTRY

Published: 3/1959,  Volume: 14,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1959.tb00490.x  |  Cited by: 0

Kenneth G. Ainsworth


THE ROLE OF NET GOVERNMENT CONTRIBUTION TO INCOME IN THE RECESSION AND REVIVAL OF 1937–38*

Published: 3/1951,  Volume: 6,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1951.tb04437.x  |  Cited by: 0

Kenneth D. Roose


Free Cash Flow and Stockholder Gains in Going Private Transactions

Published: 7/1989,  Volume: 44,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1989.tb04390.x  |  Cited by: 739

KENNETH LEHN, ANNETTE POULSEN

We investigate the source of stockholder gains in going private transactions. We find support for the hypothesis advanced by Jensen that a major source of these gains is the mitigation of agency problems associated with free cash flow. Using a sample of 263 going private transactions from 1980 through 1987, our results indicate a significant relationship between undistributed cash flow and a firm's decision to go private. In addition, we find that premiums paid to stockholders are significantly related to undistributed cash flow. These results are especially strong for firms that went private between 1984 and 1987 and also for firms whose managers owned relatively little equity before the going private transaction.


Was It Real? The Exchange Rate‐Interest Differential Relation over the Modern Floating‐Rate Period

Published: 9/1988,  Volume: 43,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1988.tb02613.x  |  Cited by: 250

RICHARD MEESE, KENNETH ROGOFP

In this paper, we explore the relationship between real exchange rates and real interest rate differentials in the United States, Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom. Contrary to theories based on the joint hypothesis that domestic prices are sticky and monetary disturbances are predominant, we find little evidence of a stable relationship between real interest rates and real exchange rates. We consider both in‐sample and out‐of‐sample tests. One hypothesis that is consistent with our findings is that real disturbances (such as productivity shocks) may be a major source of exchange rate volatility.


REPLY

Published: 6/1976,  Volume: 31,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1976.tb01946.x  |  Cited by: 0

JAMES MONAHAN, KENNETH MONAHAN


An Econometric Model of the Term Structure of Interest‐Rate Swap Yields

Published: 9/1997,  Volume: 52,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb01111.x  |  Cited by: 359

DARRELL DUFFIE, KENNETH J. SINGLETON

This article develops a multi‐factor econometric model of the term structure of interest‐rate swap yields. The model accommodates the possibility of counterparty default, and any differences in the liquidities of the Treasury and Swap markets. By parameterizing a model of swap rates directly, we are able to compute model‐based estimates of the defaultable zero‐coupon bond rates implicit in the swap market without having to specify a priori the dependence of these rates on default hazard or recovery rates. The time series analysis of spreads between zero‐coupon swap and treasury yields reveals that both credit and liquidity factors were important sources of variation in swap spreads over the past decade.


The Importance of Industry Links in Merger Waves

Published: 3/17/2014,  Volume: 69,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/jofi.12122  |  Cited by: 417

KENNETH R. AHERN, JARRAD HARFORD

We represent the economy as a network of industries connected through customer and supplier trade flows. Using this network topology, we find that stronger product market connections lead to a greater incidence of cross‐industry mergers. Furthermore, mergers propagate in waves across the network through customer‐supplier links. Merger activity transmits to close industries quickly and to distant industries with a delay. Finally, economy‐wide merger waves are driven by merger activity in industries that are centrally located in the product market network. Overall, we show that the network of real economic transactions helps to explain the formation and propagation of merger waves.


Specification Analysis of Affine Term Structure Models

Published: 10/2000,  Volume: 55,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/0022-1082.00278  |  Cited by: 1343

Qiang Dai, Kenneth J. Singleton

This paper explores the structural differences and relative goodness‐of‐fits of affine term structure models (ATSMs). Within the family of ATSMs there is a trade‐off between flexibility in modeling the conditional correlations and volatilities of the risk factors. This trade‐off is formalized by our classification of N‐factor affine family into non‐nested subfamilies of models. Specializing to three‐factor ATSMs, our analysis suggests, based on theoretical considerations and empirical evidence, that some subfamilies of ATSMs are better suited than others to explaining historical interest rate behavior.


Default and Recovery Implicit in the Term Structure of Sovereign CDS Spreads

Published: 9/10/2008,  Volume: 63,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2008.01399.x  |  Cited by: 660

JUN PAN, KENNETH J. SINGLETON

This paper explores the nature of default arrival and recovery implicit in the term structures of sovereign CDS spreads. We argue that term structures of spreads reveal not only the arrival rates of credit events , but also the loss rates given credit events. Applying our framework to Mexico, Turkey, and Korea, we show that a single‐factor model with following a lognormal process captures most of the variation in the term structures of spreads. The risk premiums associated with unpredictable variation in are found to be economically significant and co‐vary importantly with several economic measures of global event risk, financial market volatility, and macroeconomic policy.


Estimation and Evaluation of Conditional Asset Pricing Models

Published: 5/23/2011,  Volume: 66,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2011.01654.x  |  Cited by: 122

STEFAN NAGEL, KENNETH J. SINGLETON

We find that several recently proposed consumption‐based models of stock returns, when evaluated using an optimal set of managed portfolios and the associated model‐implied conditional moment restrictions, fail to capture key features of risk premiums in equity markets. To arrive at these conclusions, we construct an optimal Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator for models in which the stochastic discount factor (SDF) is a conditionally affine function of a set of priced risk factors, and we show that there is an optimal choice of managed portfolios to use in testing a null model against a proposed alternative generalized SDF.


Money Market Mutual Funds: An Experiment in Ad Hoc Deregulation: A Note

Published: 6/1983,  Volume: 38,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1983.tb02516.x  |  Cited by: 6

KENNETH T. ROSEN, LARRY KATZ


Effects of Capital Gains Taxation on Life‐Cycle Investment and Portfolio Management

Published: 7/1987,  Volume: 42,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1987.tb04583.x  |  Cited by: 14

YVES BALCER, KENNETH L. JUDD

We examine the impact of capital income taxation, both accrual forms of taxation and taxation of realized capital gains, on total savings and the demand for corporate financial instruments. We find that investors may hold both debt and equity in the face of effective collection of capital gains taxation even in a flat tax system. We also find that the two taxes will have substantially different effects on saving and consumption behavior, making it unlikely that the tax structure can be summarized by any single equivalent accrual tax rate.


Who Writes the News? Corporate Press Releases during Merger Negotiations

Published: 1/7/2014,  Volume: 69,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/jofi.12109  |  Cited by: 430

KENNETH R. AHERN, DENIS SOSYURA

Firms have an incentive to manage media coverage to influence their stock prices during important corporate events. Using comprehensive data on media coverage and merger negotiations, we find that bidders in stock mergers originate substantially more news stories after the start of merger negotiations, but before the public announcement. This strategy generates a short‐lived run‐up in bidders' stock prices during the period when the stock exchange ratio is determined, which substantially impacts the takeover price. Our results demonstrate that the timing and content of financial media coverage may be biased by firms seeking to manipulate their stock price.


Currency Returns, Intrinsic Value, and Institutional‐Investor Flows

Published: 5/3/2005,  Volume: 60,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2005.00769.x  |  Cited by: 233

KENNETH A. FROOT, TARUN RAMADORAI

We decompose currency returns into (permanent) intrinsic‐value shocks and (transitory) expected‐return shocks. We explore interactions between these shocks, currency returns, and institutional‐investor currency flows. Intrinsic‐value shocks are: dwarfed by expected‐return shocks (yet currency returns overreact to them); unrelated to flows (although expected‐return shocks correlate with flows); and related positively to forecasted cumulated‐interest differentials. These results suggest flows are related to short‐term currency returns, while fundamentals better explain long‐term returns and values. They also rationalize the long‐observed poor performance of exchange‐rate models: by ignoring the distinction between permanent and transitory exchange‐rate changes, prior tests obscure the connection between currencies and fundamentals.


Taxes and the Pricing of Stock Index Futures

Published: 6/1983,  Volume: 38,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1983.tb02496.x  |  Cited by: 106

BRADFORD CORNELL, KENNETH R. FRENCH

Stock index futures prices are generally below the level predicted by simple arbitrage models. This paper suggests that the discrepancy between the actual and predicted prices is caused by taxes. Capital gains and losses are not taxed until they are realized. As Constantinides demonstrates in a recent paper, this gives stockholders a valuable timing option. If the stock price drops, the investor can pass part of the loss on to the government by selling the stock. On the other hand, if the stock price rises, the investor can postpone the tax by not realizing the gain. Since this option is not available to stock index futures traders, the futures prices will be lower than standard no‐tax models predict.


THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF INTERNATIONAL EQUITY MARKETS

Published: 3/1971,  Volume: 26,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1971.tb00591.x  |  Cited by: 147

Herbert G. Grubel, Kenneth Fadner


CEO Turnover after Acquisitions: Are Bad Bidders Fired?

Published: 8/2006,  Volume: 61,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2006.00889.x  |  Cited by: 306

KENNETH M. LEHN, MENGXIN ZHAO

We examine the relation between bidder returns and the probability of chief executive officer (CEO) turnover in acquiring firms. Using a sample of 714 acquisitions during 1990 to 1998, we find that 47% of CEOs of acquiring firms are replaced within 5 years, including 27% by internal governance, 16% by takeovers, and 4% by bankruptcy. A significant inverse relation exists between bidder returns and the likelihood of CEO turnover. This relation is not associated with governance structure. It also is not significantly different in stock versus cash acquisitions, which appears to be inconsistent with Shleifer and Vishny's theory of “stock market driven” acquisitions.


ESTIMATES OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STABILIZATION POLICIES FOR THE MORTGAGE AND HOUSING MARKETS1

Published: 6/1978,  Volume: 33,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1978.tb02033.x  |  Cited by: 4

Dwight M. Jaffee, Kenneth T. Rosen


EMPIRICAL ISSUES IN THE DEMAND FOR CURRENCY: A MULTINATIONAL STUDY

Published: 9/1975,  Volume: 30,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1975.tb01022.x  |  Cited by: 0

Kenneth A. Lewis, Francis F. Breen


The Equity Premium

Published: 4/2002,  Volume: 57,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/1540-6261.00437  |  Cited by: 817

Eugene F. Fama, Kenneth R. French

We estimate the equity premium using dividend and earnings growth rates to measure the expected rate of capital gain. Our estimates for 1951 to 2000, 2.55 percent and 4.32 percent, are much lower than the equity premium produced by the average stock return, 7.43 percent. Our evidence suggests that the high average return for 1951 to 2000 is due to a decline in discount rates that produces a large unexpected capital gain. Our main conclusion is that the average stock return of the last half‐century is a lot higher than expected.


The Cross‐Section of Expected Stock Returns

Published: 6/1992,  Volume: 47,  Issue: 2  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1992.tb04398.x  |  Cited by: 5938

EUGENE F. FAMA, KENNETH R. FRENCH

Two easily measured variables, size and book‐to‐market equity, combine to capture the cross‐sectional variation in average stock returns associated with market β, size, leverage, book‐to‐market equity, and earnings‐price ratios. Moreover, when the tests allow for variation in β that is unrelated to size, the relation between market β and average return is flat, even when β is the only explanatory variable.


THE SUPPLY OF MONEY AND COMMON STOCK PRICES

Published: 12/1971,  Volume: 26,  Issue: 5  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1971.tb01747.x  |  Cited by: 63

Kenneth E. Homa, Dwight M. Jaffee


On Unit Roots and the Empirical Modeling of Exchange Rates

Published: 9/1982,  Volume: 37,  Issue: 4  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1982.tb03595.x  |  Cited by: 247

RICHARD A. MEESE, KENNETH J. SINGLETON

Tests are conducted for the presence of unit roots in the autoregressive representations of the logarithms of spot and forward exchange rates. The results from these tests provide one explanation for some of the conflicting conclusions which emerge from recent empirical papers on the foreign exchange market.


Does the Scope of the Sell‐Side Analyst Industry Matter? An Examination of Bias, Accuracy, and Information Content of Analyst Reports

Published: 4/21/2017,  Volume: 72,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/jofi.12485  |  Cited by: 186

KENNETH MERKLEY, RONI MICHAELY, JOSEPH PACELLI

We examine changes in the scope of the sell‐side analyst industry and whether these changes impact information dissemination and the quality of analysts’ reports. Our findings suggest that changes in the number of analysts covering an industry impact analyst competition and have significant spillover effects on other analysts’ forecast accuracy, bias, report informativeness, and effort. These spillover industry effects are incremental to the effects of firm level changes in analyst coverage. Overall, a more significant sell‐side analyst industry presence has positive externalities that can result in better functioning capital markets.


Learning by Owning in a Lemons Market

Published: 4/19/2022,  Volume: 77,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/jofi.13125  |  Cited by: 2

JORDAN MARTEL, KENNETH MIRKIN, BRIAN WATERS

We study market dynamics when an owner learns about the quality of her asset over time. Since this information is private, the owner sells strategically to a less informed buyer following sufficient negative information. In response, market prices feature a “U‐shape” and trading probabilities a “hump‐shape” with respect to the time to sale. As the owner initially acquires greater information, buyers suffer greater adverse selection, and prices fall accordingly. Eventually, the probability of an informed sale shrinks, and prices rebound. We provide evidence consistent with our model in markets for residential real estate, venture capital investments, and construction equipment.


BOND REFUNDING: ONE OR TWO FACES?

Published: 3/1978,  Volume: 33,  Issue: 1  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1978.tb03414.x  |  Cited by: 4

Thomas H. Mayor, Kenneth G. McCoin


Value versus Growth: The International Evidence

Published: 12/1998,  Volume: 53,  Issue: 6  |  DOI: 10.1111/0022-1082.00080  |  Cited by: 1394

Eugene F. Fama, Kenneth R. French

Value stocks have higher returns than growth stocks in markets around the world. For the period 1975 through 1995, the difference between the average returns on global portfolios of high and low book‐to‐market stocks is 7.68 percent per year, and value stocks outperform growth stocks in twelve of thirteen major markets. An international capital asset pricing model cannot explain the value premium, but a two‐factor model that includes a risk factor for relative distress captures the value premium in international returns.


Structural Organization of Secondary Markets: Clearing Frequency, Dealer Activity and Liquidity Risk

Published: 6/1979,  Volume: 34,  Issue: 3  |  DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1979.tb02126.x  |  Cited by: 122

KENNETH D. GARBADE, WILLIAM L. SILBER